Kidneys: Regulation of Sodium and Water
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| What is insensible loss? | Loss of water due to respiratory tract
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| How does the body gain sodium and chloride? | Ingestion
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| How about loses them? | skin, GI tract and urine
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| How much sodium and chlrodie do we gain from food? | 10.5
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| How much do we output from sweat, feces, and urine? | 0.25; 0.25; 10.5
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| How do we control sodium and water balance? | Renal excretion
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| Where is sodium filtered? | glomerulus
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| What is active sodium reabsorption dependant on? | Sodium potasium pump,
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| where are the pumps? | basolateral membranes of the tubular epithilium
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| Give an example of when sodium enterance into cell is PASSIVE: | sodium from tubular lumen
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| What are the three ways it can do this? | Channels, co transport, counter transport
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| What is the channel method to get it to tubular system? | Put potasium in to get sodium out
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| Tell me how we get sodium to enter the cell by channels starting from Interstitial fluid: | Potasium enters from IF (Active)-->goes through channel to get into lumen and this allows sodium to diffuse in
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| What is important in the channel explination? | K flux, Sodium, potasium ATP pump
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| SODIUM REAPSORPTION | NA REABSORBED
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| What is the reabsorption process, active or passive? | Active process
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| How does it work? | You create an osmotic different acrross tubule, which drives water reabsorption (passive)
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| POINTS REGARDING WATER | REABSORPTION
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| Where is water freely filterable? | glomerulus
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| How is it reabsorped? | Passive diffusion
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| Where is permeability to water high? | Proximal tubule
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| ROLE OF ADH | ROLE OF ADH
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| Where does ADH start working? | Collecting ducts
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| What does ADH do to water permeabilit? | Increases it
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| what happens when ADH is low? | Lots of dilute urine forms
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| URINE CONCENTRATION | URINE CONCENTRATION
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| When ADH is high, what happens? | Small amount of concentrated urine is produced by renal counter-current multiplier
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| What do counter currents do? | they work together to retain water
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| Is the ascending loop of henle working with ADH? | No
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| What is the ascending loop of henle responsible for? | pulls sodium out
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| What is teh ascending loop's permeability to h2O? | Not much
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| What does the descending limb do? | Pull out water by diffusion
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| What does ADH do to the collecting ducts? | Increases their water permeability
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| RENAL SODIUM REGULATION | RENAL SODIUM REGULATION
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| What is the equation for sodium excretion? | Sodium filtered - sodium reabsorbed
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| Does sodium get secreted? | NO NO NO
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| What method is used for its reabsorption? | Active
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| What controls glomeluar filtration rate? | baroreceptor
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| What does a decrease in pressure make trh baroreceptors do? | Decreases their firing, so it increases sympathetic response
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| What does sympathetic response lead to regarding vessel diameter and flow? | vasoconstriction; reduction in flow
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| What does vasoconstriction lead to? | Decreased GFR and increased sodium reabsorption
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| CONTROL OF SODIUM RESORPTION | SODIUM RESOPRTION CONTROL
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| What hormone controls this? | Aldostrone
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| Increase in aldostorne leads to what? Where? | Increase sodium resoprtion in coritcal collecting ducts
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| What controls aldostrone secretion? | Renin-Angiotensin system
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| Renin: | rate limiting variable
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| Where is renin secreted from? | Juixtaglomerular ells
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| What does renin do? | Makes angiotensin I from angiotensinogen
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| What si a stimulus for aldostorne release? | Low sodium volume or water volume
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| What is angiotensin I cleaved by? | ACE (converting enzyme)
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| What does ACE do? | Makes angiotensin II
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| If there is an ACE inhibitor, what happens? | No cleaving of I to II
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| What does Ang II do? | Makes cortex secrete aldostorne
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| What are teh three stimuli for renin secretion? | 1. Baroreceptor____2. Pressure decrease___3. Low sodium or chlride in macula densa
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| What does #2, PB decrease lead to? | Juxtaglomerular cells sense it as intrarenal baroreceptors
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| Where si the macula densa? | Near juxtameddullary cell
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| DON'T ABSORB SODIUM MECHANISMS | DON'T ABSORB SODIUM
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| What is ANF? | Secreted by atria, inhibits sodium reabsorption and increase GFR
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| What does it inhibit, specifically? | Renin and aldostrone secretion
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| RENAL WATER REGULATION | RENAL WATER REGULATION
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| What happens to fluid formation if GFR is low? | Not much fluid made
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| How is water absorption mainly controlled? | ADH and baroreceptors
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| What triggers ADH release? | Decrease IN ECF volume
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| What is ADH controlled by? | Cardiovascular baroreceptors and osmoreceptors
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| What do the osmoreceptors do? | If too dilute, then secrete urine
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| High osmolarity makes us secrete or hold off on ADH? | Increase ADH
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| THIRST AND APETITE | THIRST AND APETITE
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| Do humans have salt apetite? | nope
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| THIRST | THIRST
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| What stimulates thirst? | baroreceptors, osmoreceptors, and angiotensin II
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| Water intake by GI tract, increases or decreases thrist? | Decreases
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| POTASIUM REGULATION | POTASIUM REGULATION
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| Where is potasium freely filterable? | glomerulus
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| Where does secretion of potasium occur? Does absorption and secretion of potasium occur? | Cortical collecting duct; both secrtion and excretion
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| What happens when body K+ levels are high? | Aldostrone secreted, which stimulates EXCRETION of Potasium
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