Respiratory System: Control of Respiration
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| NEURAL GENERATION OF RHYTHMIC BREATHING | BREATHING
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| Breathing depends on -------- --------- muscle excitation by the nerves to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles | Cyclical inspiratory
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| Do we control respiratory system? | Yes
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| Where in the brainstem is breathing controlled? | Meddulla
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| What kind of neurons do the cyclical inspiration? | Medullary neurons
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| What cuts off inspiration? | Pulmonary streth receptors
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| PULMONARY STRETCH RECEPTORS | STRETCH RECEPTORS
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| What kind of muscle are they? | Smooth muscle
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| What are they activated by? | Lung inflation
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| Are they afferent or efferent neurons? What is their official name? | Afferent neurons called "Hering-Breuer inflation reflex"
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| What is the hering breuer reflex? | Get signal from airway-->brainstem-->expire for a long time
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| Does it have a short or high threshold? | High treshhold
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| CONTROL OF VENTIALLATION | CONTROL OF VENTILLATION
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| What can control minute ventilation? | Peripheral chemoreceptors and central chemoreceptors
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| Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located? | In carotid and aortic bodies
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| What are they sensitive to? | They are sensitive to changes in arterial PO2, H, and PCO2
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| Which is most important? | P CO2
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| At a high altitude, how do we breathe? What does it do to our molecular levels? | We breath deeper and faster to increase oxygen
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| What do we do with high levels of H and C? | GET RID OF THEM
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| CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS | CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS
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| Where are they? | Medulla
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| What do they respond to? | changes in H in brain ECF
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| How fast of a response? | Pretty fast
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| What does an increase in H indicate? | Increase in C
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| CONTROL BY PO | PO CONTROL
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| Is it very important? | No, C is more important to control by
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| Which chemoreceptors control by O? | Peripheral chemoreceptors
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| What is the controlled based on? | Decrease in arterial O
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| How large does the decrease have to be? | Very large
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| So what happens when your inspired, alveolar, and arterial O go down? | Increase firing of peripheral chemoreceptors, to increase ventilation muscle contraction, to increase O
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| CONTROL BY C | CONTROL BY C
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| What chemoreceptors control it? | Both peripheral and central
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| What is the trigger? | When C increases just a TAD bit
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| What actually is the stimulus? | When hydrogen ion concetration in arterial blood and brain ECF increases
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| CONTROL BY [H+] | CONTROL BY [H+]
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| When is ventillation increased? | Increase of arterial [h+]
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| What happens to minute ventiallation as plasma hydrogen increases? | Increase ventillation
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| So how do we get [H+] back to normal? | Lower P CO2
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| What does the high acidity in excercise make us do? | Makes us breath
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| What does the metabolic alkalosis make us do? | Shallow breathing,
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| INHIBITION OF VENTILATION | INHIBITION OF VENTILATION
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| What 3 things can inhibit ventilation? | Increase arterial PO, decrease arterial PCO, and decrease [H+]
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| VENTILATION DURING EXCERCISE | STRENOUS EXCERCISE
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| What happens to [H+] concentration during strenous excercise when O2 is being consumed? | It increases
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| What about CO2? | It decreases; you're hyperventilating
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| PO2? | Remains constant
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| What kind of a change in ventilation does receptors in joints and muscles yield? | Small increase in ventilation
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| Increased body temp? | Fever-->increased metabolism
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| What happens to ventilation wrt metabolism during strenous excercise? | Ventillation increases more than metablism
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| Which increases/decreases more? Rest-->excercise or excercise-->recovery? | Excercise-->recovery is a higher drop
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| HYPOXIA | HYPOXIA
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| What is hypoxia? | Lack of oxygen in tissue
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| What are the four categories of hypoxia? | Anemic, ischemic, hypoxic, and histotoxic
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| Hypoxic due to? What about anemic? Ishemic, histotoxic? | altitude; blood loss; slow blod travel; can't take up
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| What happens to PO as altitude increases? | PO2 Decreases
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| How can O2 supply be maintained with acclimitazation? | 1. peripheral chemoreceptors lead to ventillation and urination (loss of sodium), make RBC, make DPG, Increase cappillary density, mitochondria
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