Heart II
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| MECHANICAL EVENTS OF THE CARDIAC CYCLE | MECHANICS OF THE CARDIAC CYCLE
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| Systole: What contracts/relaxes and what de/polarize? | Ventricular contraction/depolarization
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| Diastole: What contracts/relaxes and what de/polarize? | Ventricular relaxation; repolarization
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| SYSTOLE | SYSTOLE
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| What happens to the AV valves to make them close? Is this in systole or diastole? | In the beginning of systole, ventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure to make them close
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| What is this phenomena called? | Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
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| What is this AKA? | Isobaloonic ventricular contraction
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| Does an ejection of blood occur from the ventricles? Why> | No, because the pulmornary and aortic valves aren't open due to a lack of pressure in chambers
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| When do the aeortic and pulmonary valves open? | When the ventricular pressure is over the aortic and pulmonary trunk pressure
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| DIASTOLE | DIASTOLE
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| What happens to the ventricles at the onset of diastole? | They releax
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| What happens with respect to pressure to get the aeortic and pulmonary trunk to close> | The ventircular pressure fall below the pressure of the aeortic and pulmonary trunk
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| Does blood move here? So what is this phenonema called? | No blodo moves, so it is like the isovolumentric or isobaloomic ventricular relaxation
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| When do the AV valves open? | When ventricular pressures is BELOW the pressure int eh right and left atria, AV open
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| What is diastole? | the ventircular filling phase
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| What is the speed of filling? | Very fast first
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| How much blood does atrial contraction at the very end of diastole add? | Very small amount is added to ventricle
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| VOLUMES | VOLUMES
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| End diastolic volume is? | The amount of blood in the ventricles just before systole
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| End sytolic volume? | The volume remaining after ejection
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| Storked volume: | Volume ejected
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| How is it caclulated? What is it in an adult? | End diastolic -- end systolic, it is about 70mV
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| PRESSURES | PRESSURES
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| Does the right heart or the left heart have lower pressure? | The right heart!
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| What does this lead to? | The fact that the right heart wall lis much thinner
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| CARDIAC OUTPUT | CARDIAC OUTPUT
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| Define cardiac output: | Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle
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| What is the equation to calculate cardiac output? | Heart rate x stroke volume
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| What is the cardiac output when you're excercising? When you're REALLY excercising? | 25-35 and increases to 200 beats a minute
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| HEART RATE CONTROL | HR
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| What is the intrinsic HR? | 100 beats a minute
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| Resting heart rate? | 72 beats a minute
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| What kind of nerve fibers innervate the heart? | Parasympathetic and sympathetic
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| What happens when you increase parasympathetic nerve stimulation? | Decrease HR
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| What happens when you increase syjmpathetic nerve stimulation | increase HR
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| What happens when you increase ciruclating EPI? Why? | Increase HR; b/c beta 1 receptors are bound
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| What does parasympathetic stimulation do to the membrane potential? Why? | causes it to be more negative before teh pacemaker potential begins
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| CHANGES IN STORKE VOLUME | CHANGES IN STROKE VOLUME
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| How can you cause an increase in strroke volume? | More forceful contraction
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| What are the two factors that cause this? | Changes in enddiastolic volume and changes in the magnitude of sympathetic nervous sytem input ot he ventricles
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| When do you fill up the end diastolic volume? | Before diastole,
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| What does happen at the end of diastole? | Filling ventricles up
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| How do you increase end diastolic volume? | Increase ventricular filling pressure
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| STARLING'S LAW OF THE HEART | STARLING OF THE HEART
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| What is the law? | Increasing end-diastolic volume will have a greater force of contraction and will yeild a higher stroke volume
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| What is venous return? | Flow of blood from veins to the heart
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| What is the eraltionship of venous return and CO? | Direct, as one increases, so does the other
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| Laying down on stage | see mandy
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| Getting up | mandy!
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| Define intrinsic return? | Venous return
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| So blood is flowing from what to what? | from veins to heart
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| How can increased venous return increase CO? | by increasing stroke volume and DISTENDING the ventricles
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| How would one distend the ventricles? | Laying down on stage
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| AFTERLOAD | AFTERLOAD
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| What is afterload? What is pre-load? | The resistance to ventricular ejection during sytole to ejection; pre-load is the volume of blood in teh ventricles before contraction
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| What does an increase in afterload lead to? | increase end systolic volume and decrease in stroke volume
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| What happens to cardiac muscles and blood flow in this case? | They shorten more slowly; there's less blood in ventrricles
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| When would this happen? (2 reasons) | When you've got high arterial pressure and stiffening of the arteries
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| SYMPATHIETIC NERVES | SYMPATHETIC NERVES
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| What're the components of the syjmpathtic nerves? | Conducting system and myocardial tissue
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| What is the conducting system purpose? | Inrease HR and conduction Rate
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| What is the myocardial system prupose? | Increase contractilitity
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| How would the curve be measured? | Measure force of muslce independent of filling
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| What does starling measure? | After filling
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| SUMMARY | SUMMARY
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| What 3 things determine stroke volume? | Preload, afterload, and contractility
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| What is pre-load? | Cardiac filling during diastole
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| What is it a reflection of? what releationshiop, that is? | Length-tension erlationship
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| What is AFTERLOAD? | Load on heart during ejection
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| What is it a reflection of? | Force velocity relationsihp
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| What is contractility? | Force of contractions as modified by sympathetic activity
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| What is the sympathetic activity due to? | EPI and NE
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| SUMMARY OF EFFECTS OF AUTONOMIC NERVES ON THE HEART | summary again
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| SA NODE | SA NODE
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| What does sympathetic nerves affect? | Heart rate
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| What do sympathetic nerves cause? | Increase heart rate
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| What do parasympathetic nerves cause? | decrease heart rate
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| AV NODE | AV NODE
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| What does the AV node cause WRT conduction rate? | Increasse conduction rate
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| parasymp? | Decrease conduction rate
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| ATRIAL MUSCLD | ATRIAL MUSCLE
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| Symp nerves? | Increase contractility
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| Parasympathetic | Decrease contractilty
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| VENTRICULAR MUSCLE | VENTRICULAR MUSCLE
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| Symp nerves? | Increase contractilty
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| Parsymp nerves | Decrease contractilyt
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| So...what is the effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic? | INDIRECT
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| At which point of diastole does atrial contraction occur? | At the end of diastole
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