Heart I
Help!
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| What is the pericardium? | A fibrous sac that encoloses the heart
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| Mycoardium: | Walls of the heart
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| What are they made of? | Cardiac muscle cells
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| What lines the inner surface of the myocardium? | Endothelium
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| What is endothilium AKA? | Endocardium
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| What are the valves located between each atrium and ventricle called? | AV valves
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| What is their purpose? | prevent hte backflow of blood
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| What is the right AV valve? | Tricuspid
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| Left? | Bicuspid
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| What is the purpose of the pulmonary and aortic valves? | Prevent backflow of blood from pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle and fromt he aorta into the left ventricle
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| Where does blood flow in order? | Venca cava, right heart, pulmonary ciruclation, left heart, aorta, and sytemic circulation
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| How is cardiac muscle arranged? | Layers that are tightly bound together
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| Is it similar to smooth and skeletal muscle? | Yeah, it is a combo of both of their characterisitcs
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| CARDIAC MUSCLE CHARACTERISTICS | CARDIAC MUSCLE CHARACTERISTICS
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| What are the four main characteristics? | Striated, intercalated disks, gap junctions join cells and a conduction system
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| What does it mean for them to be striated? | Actin and myosin filaments are present
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| What are intercalated disks? | They attach myofibrils to keep cells together
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| What is the purpose of gap junctions? | Permit APs to be conducted from cell to cell
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| Are they present in skeletal muscle? | Nope
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| CONDUCTING SYSTEM | CONDUCTING SYSTEM
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| How are teh conducting cells in contact with other cardiac muscle fibers? | Uh...see above, gap junctions
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| What is the heart innervated by? | Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers
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| What specific parasympathetic nerve innervates the heart? | Vagus nerve
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| What do sympathetic fibers release? | NE
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| What do parasympathetic fibers release? | Ach
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| RECEPTORS ON CARDIAC MUSCLE | RECEPTORS ON CARDIAC MUSCLE
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| NE Receptors are: | Beta adrenergic
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| What other messenger released from the adrenal gland can have such a similar effect to NE? | EPI
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| What about receptor types of Ach? | Muscarinic type
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| What arteries supply the myocardium? | Coronary arteries
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| What do they branch from? | The aeorta
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| HEARTBEAT COORDINATION | HEARTBEAT COORDINATION
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| What must cardiac muscle cells do for their contraction to occur? | They must have APs
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| What are the sinoatrial node? | The conducting system cells where depolarization occurs to get the heart to beat
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| SEQUENCE OF EXCITATION | SEQUENCE OF EXCITATION
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| What is the sequence of excitation starting from the SA node? | SA noce-->both atria-->AV node
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| Where is the AV node located? | Base of right atrium
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| What occurs at the AV node that is unique? | There's a delay
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| See figure 12-11, P. 207 | P. 397 ANALYZED BELOW
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| What are the components of atrial excitation? Label start and end | SA (start) and AV node (end)
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| What are the components of the ventricular excitation? | Atrial relaxation (start)
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| What is theresting membrane potential? | -90 mV
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| With an AP, the membrane permeability of what 3 elements changes? | Potasium, sodium, calcium
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| At rest, what is amount of sodium and calcium in cell? | Low sodium, low calcium
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| At rest, what is the potasium allows in membrane potential? | low patisum at rest
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| What happens when the sodium allowance increases? | Depolarization
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| What does this force calcium channels to do? | Calcium channels open and remain open for a while
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| Why do they remain open for a while? | There's a slow permeability for the Caclium, so it has to come in slowly
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| What heppens when theCalcium channels eventually close? | Repolarization
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| What node geneartes the current that leads to the depolarization of all other cardiac muscle cells? | The SA node
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| What does it therefore exhibit; what is the term for this characteristic? | Pacemaker potential
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| What is the pacemaker potential? | brings the membrane potenitaial to the threshold and initiates an AP
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| What happens when the potasium is released from the cell? | Negative membrane potential
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| What is autamacity and which node does it apply to? | It is when the SA node can be self excited
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| With no humaral or neural input, what is the number of depolarizations of the SA node in a minute/ | 100
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| THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM | THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
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| What is the EKG? | Tool for evaluating the electrical events in the heart
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| What are its components? | P, T, QRS waves
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| What is the P-wave? What does it look like? | atrial depolarization; kinda of an isolated spike, first one
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| QRS wave: | Ventricular depolarization; complex
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| T-wave: | Ventricular replarization; little spike at end
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| EXCITATION CONTRACTING COUPLING | EXCITATION CONTRACTING COUPLING
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| What is needed for excitating coupling? Where is ti released form? | Calcium from the SR
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| What does it combine with? | tropinin
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| What is the major signal for calcium releases in the SR? | calcium entering the PM in an AP
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| What is this phenomena called? | Calcium induced calcium release
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| How can you increase the force of an AP? Why can you do this? | Increase CAclium, you can do this becasuse not all tropnin is saturated with calcium, so adding more calcium-->more binding-->greater force
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| Where does the calcium bind on the SR? | Calcium receptors on the surface of SR
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| Where does calcium flow? | into cystol
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| How many AP does a cardiac muscle undergo at a time? | Only ONE
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| Why? What is tetnus and why can't the cardiac muscle undergo this? | summartion of contraction; can't undergo it b/c it has a very long refractory period
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| What is a refractory period? | period during and after an AP when an excitatble membrane can't be re-excited
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| Can skelatal muscle undergo tetnus? | yep
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