Fundamentals of Body Structure
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| The functions of the kidney include? | 1. Removal of nitrogenous wastes from the blood.
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| Nitrogenous (N) wastes include? | a. urea
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| Nitrogenous (N) wastes include? | b. Uric acid
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| Nitrogenous (N) wastes include? | c. Creatinine
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| Nitrogenous (N) wastes include? | d. Ammonia (NH3)
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| The functions of the kidney include? | Maintaining blood volume and electrolyte (salt) balance.
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| The electrolytes ("lytes") include? | a. Sodium (Na+).
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| The electrolytes ("lytes") include? | b. Potassium (K+).
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| The electrolytes ("lytes") include? | c. Chloride (Cl-).
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| The electrolytes ("lytes") include? | d. Calcium (Ca+).
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| The electrolytes ("lytes") include? | e. Phosphate (PO4-)
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| The electrolytes ("lytes") include? | f. Magnesium (Mg+).
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| The electrolytes ("lytes") include? | g. Sulfate (SO4-)
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| Remember, where salt goes? | water follows
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| Healthy adults need no more than? | 2300 mg of sodium daily.
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| Maintaining pH balance of the blood acidity vs. alkalinity (base) by the interaction of? | carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate (HCO3)
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| Production of renin which will? | regulate blood pressure (BP)
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| Production of erythropoietin which aids in? | erythrocyte (RBC) formation.
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| Conversion of vitamin D into its active form called? | calciferol.
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| The paired kidneys are located in the? | retroperitoneal (flank) region.
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| The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the large area occupied by the? | liver.
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| A kidney is the size of a? | fist.
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| The outer covering of each kidney is called the? | renal capsule.
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| The outermost layer is called the? | renal cortex.
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| The middle layer is called the? | renal medulla.
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| A thin layer of fibrous connective tissue that anchors each kidney to the surrounding structures and the abdominal wall is called? | renal fascia.
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| The tubes (vessels, ducts) that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder are called? | ureters.
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| Each ureter connects to a kidney at a? | renal pelvis.
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| Each renal pelvis is made up of funnel shaped structures called? | calices (calyx).
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| Kidney cells are called? | nephrons.
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| Each kidney has approximately? | 1,000,000 nephrons.
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| The vessels carrying oxygenated blood to be filtered by the kidneys are called the? | right and left renal arteries.
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| The vessels carrying deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys are called the? | right and left renal veins.
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| Normal urine production is approximately? | 56 mL/hour = 2 ounces of urine.
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| Urine is transported from each renal pelvis to the urinary bladder primarily by? | peristalsis.
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| The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ located? | posterior to the pubic symphysis.
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| The average capacity of the urinary bladder is? | 700 - 800 mL.
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| Stretch receptor in the bladder wall will transmit nerve impulses to the lower portion of the spinal cord when the urine level reaches? | 200 - 400 mL.
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| These impulses initiate the conscious desire to? | urinate (micturition)or void (micturate).
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| The sphincters that control the flow of urine are called the? | internal and external urinary (urethral) sphincters.
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| The inability to control the urinary (urethral) sphincters is called? | enuresis and urinary incontinence.
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| The urethra is the? | tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside world.
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| The opening of the urethra to the outside world is called the urinary? | meatus (orifice or os).
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| In females the urethra is approximately? | 1.5 inches long.
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| The female urinary meatus is located between the? | clitoris and vaginal orifice.
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| In males the urethra is approximately? | 8 inches long.
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| The male urinary meatus is located at the distal portion of the? | glans penis.
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| In males the urethra carries? | 1. Urine.
2. Spermatozoa.
3. Semen
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| The reproductive and urinary systems are referred to as the? | genitourinary (GU) system.
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| Blood tests commonly used to detect nitrogenous (N) waste include? | 1.BUN (blood urea nitrogen).
2. Creatinine clearance (Cc).
3. Cystatin C (Cys C).
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| IVP stand for? | intravenous pyelogram.
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| An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is an x-ray of the renal pelves after injection of an? | Intravenous (IV) radiopaque dye.
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| hematuria? | a condition of blood in the urine (trauma)
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| pyuria? | a condition of pus in the urine (infection)
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| bacteriuria? | bacteria in the urine
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| glycosuria? | a condition of sugar (glucose) in the urine (DM)
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| ketonuria? | a condition of ketones (acetone) in the urine (fat metabolism)
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| albuminuria? | albumin (blood protein) in the urine.
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| hemodialysis (HD) | artificial removal of toxins from the blood.
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| CAPD? | continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
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