Speciation and Classification of Biological Diveristy
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| natural selection | environment selects for adapted characteristics; over time, the pop. changes so the traits of the more successful reproducers increase in allele frequency.
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| Why is genetic diversity important to the survival of a pop. | because it provides the material for natural selection
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| What is one factor to cause endanger population | reduced variation
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| name the forms of selection | stabilizing selection, disruptive selection, directional selection
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| stabilizing selection | eliminate both extreme phenotypes
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| disruptive selection | eliminate intermediate phenotypes
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| directional selection | eliminate a single extreme phenotype
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| Give an example of stabilizing selection | sickle-cell allele
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| give an example of heterozygote advantage | heterozygous for the sickle-cell allele have less susceptibility to malaria.
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| Give an example of directional selection | Drosophila flies that flew toward light were eliminated from the pop. the remaining flies were mated and the experiment repated for 20 generation; so curve toward flies in the dark
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| Give an example of disruptive selection | Large beak bird can open tough shells; small beak bird handle small seed; an intermediate would be lousy at handling big or small seeds.
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| Name the 5 steps of natural selection | (just key words) 1) more offspring survive; vary in traits; variation passed on; adapt to environ; favorable alleles becomes more frequent
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| definition of specie | groups that are reproductively-isolated
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| speciation (macroevolution) | formation of new species
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| microevolution | changes in frequency of alleles
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| biological species concept | species are group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural pop, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups."
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| reproductively isolated pop. | pop. whose members do not mate with each other or who cannotproduce fertile offspring
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| Two-part process speciation | 1) identical pop. must diverge; 2) reproductive isolation must evolve to maintain these differences
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| reasons that pop. become isolate | new colonization (bird blown away to different island); barriers (mountain); extinction of intermediate pop (sunflower in different places)
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| Prezygotic isolating mechanisms | geographic isolation; ecological isolation
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| geographic isolation | species occur in different areas, which are often separated by a barrier like river mountain
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| ecological isolation | species occur in same area but they occupy different habitats. Survival of hybrids is low because they are not adapted to either environment of their parents.
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| temporal isolation | species reproduce in different seasons or at different times of the day
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| behavioral isolation | species differ in their mating rituals
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| mechanical isolation | structual differences between species prevent mating
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| prevention of gamete fusion | gametes of one species function poorly species or within the reproductive tract of another species.
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| hybrid inviabile | hybridzation between sheep and goats produces embroys that die in the early stages
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| hybrids subvital | wouldn't survive in the wild
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| hybrids sterile, give example | reduced fertility - hybridization betwn horse and donkey produce sterile mules
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| Instantaneous speciation may occur how? | through polyploidy
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| explain speciation through polyploidy | Failure in meiosis produce diploid gametes; not viable w/parent haploid gametes; self-fertilization produce a fertile tetraploid zygote, a new species.
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| True or false: a new species may arise without geographic isolation | true
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| Give an example of a polypoid plant | wheat
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| Why does bacteria evolve faster than eukaryotes? | 20 min. generation time; large pop. w/lots of genetic diversity; get genes via horizontal transfer
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| The excessive use of antibiotics is leading to the evolution of what? | antibiotic-resistant bacteria
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| What is taxonomy | the branc of biology that identifies and name organisms
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| Name the hierarchical system | Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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| what is phylogeny? | the evolutionary history of species
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| 3 domain system | bacteria, archaea, eukarya
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| Name the kingdom of eukarya | protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
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| What is archaea cloesly related to? | eukarya
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| Phylogenetic tree | models base on homology
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| homology | shared characteristics that have been inherited from a common ancestor
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| What is a phylogenetic tree of animals based on? | embryonic development and anatomical structures
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