Electrolytes
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| What are the 7 Major electrolytes? | SODIUM, CHLORIDE, POTASSIUM, CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, Bicarbonate AND PHOSPHATE
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| What is the normal blood serum range for sodium? | 135-145 mEq/L
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| What is Hyponatremia? | Low Sodium
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| What are the causes of Hyponatremia? | GI loss, sweating, fever, diuretics, ascities, CHF, Kidney Failure
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| What are the symptoms of Hyponatremia? | weakness, apathy, headache, tachycardia and hypotension
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| What is Hypernatremia? | High Sodium
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| What are the causes of Hypernatremia? | Net sodium Gain, Net Water loss, increased aldosterone, steroid therapy (theopholine, prednisone)
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| What are the symptoms of Hypernatremia? | tremors, irritability, ataxia, confusion, seizures, coma
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| What Fluids can electrolytes be found? | Blood Urine and saliva
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| What is the Normal blood serum level for Chloride? | 98-106
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| Where is chloride present? | Red and white blood cells, GI mucosa and sweat
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| What is Hypochloremia? What are the causes? | Low chloride. GI loss and Diuretics
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| What are the symptoms of hypochloremia? | Metabolic alkalosis, muscle spasm,and coma
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| What is Hyperchloremia? What are the causes? | High Chloride. Dehydration, metaboloic acidosis
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| what are the symptoms of Hyperchloremia? | minimal
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| What is the normal blood serum level of Potasium? | 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
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| what is hypokalemia? what are the causes? | Low potassium. Dieretics, steroid therapy, renal disease, vomiting/ diarrhea, malnutrition, trauma, albuterol
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| what are the symptoms of hypokalemia? | Muscle weakness, paraltsis, ECG changes, circulatory failure, cardiac arrest
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| what is Hyperkalemia? What are the causes? | High potassium. chronic renal disease, hemorage, tissue necrosis, nonsteroidal, antiinflamitory drugs, ace inhibitors, potassium sparing dieuretics
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| what are the symptoms of hyperkalemia? | ECG changes, Ventricular arrhhthmias, cardiac arrest
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| where is calcium stored? | bones
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| what are the normal levels in blood for calcium? | 9.0-10.5 mg/L or 4.5-5.25 mEq/L
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| what is hypocalcemia and what are the causes? | Low calcium. hyperparathyroidism, pancereatitis, renal failure, trauma
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| what are the symptoms of hypocalcemia? | hyperactive tendon reflexes, muscle twitching, abdominal cramps, ECG changes, convulsions
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| what is hypercalcemia and what are the causes? | High calcium. hyperthyroidism, bone cancer, sarcoidosis
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| What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia? | fatigue, depression, muscle weakness, nausea/ vomitting/constipation
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| what is the normal blood level for Magnesium? | 1.3-2.1 mEq/L
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| what is hypomagnesmia and what are thae causes? | Low magnesium. Inadequite intake/ impared absorption, alcholism, panceatitis
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| what are the symptoms of hypomagnesmia? | muscle weakness, irritability, ECG changes, delirium, convulsions
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| what is hypermagnesemia and what are the causes? | High magnesium. Dehydration, renal INSUF. Tissue trauma
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| What are the symptoms? | ECG changes, Cardiac and Respiratory muscle paralysis.
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| where in the body is Phosphorus found? | Bones, teeth and muscle tissue
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| what is the normal blood level for phosphorus? | 1.2-2.3 mEq/L
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| what is hypophosphatemia and what causes it? | Low PO4. starvation, malabsorption, thyroid disorders, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
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| what are the symptoms? | weakness,
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| What is hyperphosphatemia and what are the causes of it? | High PO4. endocrine disorders, chronic renal INUF.
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| what are the symptoms? | minimal
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| what does Bicarbonate play a role in? | Acid base balance (ABG)
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| what is the normal level in blood for HCO3? | 22.26 mEq/L
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| where is HCO3 higher? | In venous blood
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