TAMHSC Nutans Pharmaceutics Test II
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| reactants | -dc/dt
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| products | dc/dt
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| general rate equation | -dc/dt=kC^n
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| zero rate equation | Co-Cf=kt
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| first order | ln Cf/Co=kt
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| second order | (1/Cf)-(1/Co)=kt
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| Arrhenius 1 | ln K1 = ln A -Ea/RT
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| Arrhenius 2 | ln K2/K1=Ea/R*(1/T2-1/T1)
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| Newton's law of flow 1 | F'/A=n(dv/dr)
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| Newton's law of flow 2 | n=F/G
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| Fluidity | o=1/n
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| kinematic viscosity | kv=n/p
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| Mechanism of Degradation | Physical, Chemical, Microbiological
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| Chemical | Isomeration, Hydrolysis, Oxidation, Photolysis, Epimerization
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| Hydrolysis | most important cause of drug degradation
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| Solvolysis | cosolvents involved; under hydrolysis
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| hydrolysis ex. | ester, salt, amide, lactone, lactam
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| factors hydrolysis | Temp., pH, Water content
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| minimize hydrolysis | tight containers, ph adj., non water soluble drugs, replace/reduce water content, lyophilization, refridgerate
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| oxidation | +O, -e, -H+ (gaine electronegative radicals, lose electro positive or electron)
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| autooxidation | Complex reaction via free radical mechanism
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| free radical | highly unstable, highly reactive, one/more unpaired electrons
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| free radical trace amounts | heavy metals, peroxides, atmostpheric oxygen
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| free radical steps | intiation, propagation, termination
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| initiation | R-R -> R + R
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| Propagation | R +O2 ->ROO ROO + R-R ->ROOR + R
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| Termination | R + R -> RR or R+ROO ->ROOR
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| factors affecting oxidation | Concentration, Radiation, Temperature, Catalysts, PH
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| Minimize oxidation | antioxidents
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| antioxidents | negative catalysts, prevent via free radicals (oxidized pref.)
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| Oxidation Aq. examples | Sulfites/Sulfates
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| Oxidation Oil Examples | BHA, BHT
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| Synergists | increast activity of antioxidants
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| Synergists Ex. | EDTA derivatives, Citric
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| photolysis | UV, IR, visibile degradation
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| amber bottle | UV protection
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| Racemization | l to d and vice versa
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| Polymorphism | different solubility, dissolution rate, melting point
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| rate of reaction | rate, velocity, speed of reaction over time
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| law of mass action | rate of chemic reaction proportional to product of malar concentration of reactants ^power=molecules
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| molecularity of reaction | total number of moleucles, atoms, or ions reacting in an elementary process
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| molecularity importance | not much
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| Order of reaction | sum of exponents
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| calculate reaction order | hard unless experimentally determined
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| half life | 1/2 gone
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| shelf life | 10% gone
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| order can be... | 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, etc.
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| zero order independence | reactant concentration
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| zero order constant | rate
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| units zero order | mole/L/time (M/time)
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| first order reaction | rate of drug loss=remaining drug concentration
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| first order reaction rate | not constant
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| first order units | time-1
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| second order units | liter/mole/time (M-1 time -1)
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| pseudo order | apparent order reaction; one more than other to no effect rate
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| Arrhenius does | describe collision theory of effect of temperature on reaction rates
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| A= | arrhenium factor or freq. factor
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| Ea | energy of activation
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| R | cal/degree/mol
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| Ea | cal/mol
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| A | time-1
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| AST | increase rate of chemical degredation or physical change-exaggerated storage conditions
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| stress testing | under more severe conditions that AST
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| stress testing tests | meter-dosed inhalers, creams, emulsions, regrigerated aqueous liquid products
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| interface | boundary between 2 or more hertogeneous systems
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| liquid surface | liquid-gas
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| solid surface | solid-gas
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| surface tension | force/unit length, parallel to surface
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| surface tension units | dynes/cm or Newton/meter
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| surface free energy | excess of potential energy in surface molecules
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| f | force applied
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| L | length of film
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| surface tension B | surface free energy change/unit area increase
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| surface tension C | work required to create new interface
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| Surface free energey | erg (dye-cm) or Joule (Newton-Meter)
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| 1 Newton | 10^5 dynes
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| 1 Joule | 10^7 ergs
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| adsorption | added molecules partitioned to interface (positive)
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| negative adsorption | materials are partitioned in favor of bulk
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| surface active agents/surfactants | amphiphilic; reduce interfacial energy
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| adsorbent | adsorb other molecules
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| adsorbate | item adsorbed
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| physical adsorption | van der waals, reversible (desorption)
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| chemisorption | irreverisible, chemical bonds
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| Rhelogy | study of flows of liquids; deformation of solids; viscosity of powders, fluids, semisolids
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| viscosity | resistence to flow in fluids (heterogeneous solutions-no describe)
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| newtonion flow system | follows newtonian flow
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| non-newtonian flow system | does not follow newtonian flow
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| shearing stress | F`/A=F
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| Rate of Shear | n(dv/dr)=G
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| viscous unitys | g/cm/sec or poise
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| poise | shearing force required to produce velocity 1 cm/second
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| fluidity | reciprocal of viscosity
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| kinematic viscosity | stroke
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| newtonian systems | constant viscosity, regardless of shear rate applied
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| newtonian systems ex. | simple solutions
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| plastic flow aka | bingham bodies
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| plastic flow | yield value
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| plastic flow ex. | flocculated concetrated suspensions
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| pseudoplastic flow | no yield, flow incresases, visc decresases with increasing rate of shear
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| shear thinning system | decreased viscousness, increase rate of shear
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| pseudoplastic ex. | polymer dispersions and unknown flocculated suspensions
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| Dilatant flow | no yield value, shear thickening system,
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| shear thickening system | as viscous increases, so does rate of shear, flow decreases
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| dilatant flow ex. | deflocullated particals and high conc. suspension
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| thixotropy | plastic/pseudoplastic; back up liquid
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| antithixotropy (negative thixotropy) | down more viscous
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| water soluble form | drugs can not pass through lipid membranes
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| lipid-water partition coefficient | nonpolar (membrane)/aq. buffer (plasma) ph_7.4
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| inc. polarity, | inc. ionization, decrease P.C
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| dec. polarity | dec. ionization, increase P.C
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| sub/buccal good | rapid absorption, drug stavility, avoid first pass
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| sub/buccal bad | incovenient, small doses, unpleasent taste of some drugs
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| oral good | convenient, systemic absorption, economical
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| oral bad | variable absorption, slow onset, innefficient, irritation (Gastric mucosa-N/V), destruction, too slow for ER, unpleasant tate, no unconciuos, first pass via portal vien
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| rectal-good & bad | unconcious, N/V, no first pass, easy terminate, absorption variable, lax.
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| IV | 100% bioavailable, precise, pain free, large doses, (higher concent. attarined rapidly, embolism, difficult to withdraw)
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| IM | rapid for aq., slow for oil (depot therapy), pain, 5mL max
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| SC | slow, limited by blood flow, vasoconstrict slow, 2mL max
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| inhalation | gaseous, volitale, rapid access
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| topical | dermal local, transermal, no first pass,
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| choice ROA | disease (local, systemic, rapid, slow), age, physico-chemical characterisitics (solubility, stablity), Pharmacokinetics (KADME)
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| solution good | compliance, bioavailability, enteral, nursing home patients, administration, less dose variation, avoid irritation
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| solution bad | measure dose, least stable, preservation required, poor soluble, light sensitive, bulky, not easy transportable, expensive to make
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| purified water | <0.001% residue
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| purified water methods | distillation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis
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| alcohol USP | 94.9%-96 v/v; alcohol and water soluble; >15% antimicrobial, toxic effects in children
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| diluted alcohol USP | mix equal water and alcohol; 3% shrinkage
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| rubbing alcohol | 70%v/v, ehtyl alcohol, denaturant, color, perfume, oils, stabilizers, rubefacient, soothing rub, germicide, skin cleanser, vehicle
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| isopropyl alchol | 70% v/v, NO denatureant, rubefacient, soothing rub, vehicle, disinfect skin (no germicide)
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| Glycerin USP | sweet syrup, miscible liquid and alcohol, high viscous, drug slowly dissolve, preservative, stabilizer
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| Polyhydric alcohols | Propylen Glycol (w/ water and alcohol), viscous liquid, fixed oil vegetiable origins
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| acid preservatives | methyl paraben, propyl paraben
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| sucrose | low mw carbs, colorless, highly soluble, increase viscous, pleasent texture, ph 4-8, with sorbitol, glycerin, polyols (prevent recystalize/caplock)
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| liquid glucose | viscous liquid, dextrose, dextrings, maltose, partial hydrolysis of starch
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| liquid glucose is aka | corn syrup, glucose syrup, starch syrup
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| saccharin | sodium and calcium salts, supplement sugars and polyols or alone
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| sacchrin | 250-500X sweet but bitter aftertaste, stable over wide PH,
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| aspartame | 200X sweet than sucrose, no aftertaste, nutritive value
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| viscous enhancer | improve palatability, modify pourability
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| viscous enhance ex. | sucrose providone, cellulose
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| flavors | menthol, chloroform, MSG
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| MSG | enhance flavors, reduce metallic tase, bitter taste, aftertaste, no pediatrics
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| Menthol, chloroform | desensitize taste bud
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| oral solution | mild volume depletion, Na, K, Cl, citrate, dextrose
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| oral solution examples | pedialyte, ricelyte, rehydrate
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| oral colonic lavage | PEG
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| PEG | osmotic agent
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| balanced electrolye concentration | no net change of electrolytes or water
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| oral colonic lavage example | colyte, trilye, golytely
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| mg citrate | saline cathartic
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| na citrate | systemic alkalinizer
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| mouthwashes/gargles | antiseptice, analgesics, deodorant, astringents
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| mouthwash ex. | listerine, peridex, isodine
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| syrups | 85% sugar, fully preserved, vehicle, sweetening agent,
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| elixiers | hydroalcoholic, Glycerine propylene glycol (adj. solvents), less sweet and viscous than syrups, pref. over syrup manu., heat and light protect
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| tinctures | alcholic and hyrdoalcoholic from VEGETABLE materials, 15-80% alcohol, self-preserving, light resitant, air-tight containers
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| aromatic waters | aq. solution, sat. volatile or aromatic compounds, "oils"
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| spirits | alcoholic, hydroalcoholic solution, oral and topic, camphor spirit
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| burows solution | AQ, aluminim acetate, wet dressing, dermatologil, tablets and packets
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| peroxide | AQ, 2.5-3.5%; local inti-infective, solution degrades light and heat
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| Chlorhexidine gluconate | AQ, 4% solution, skin wound and general skin cleanser, pre-op skin prep; broad spectrum antiseptic
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| Betadine solution | AQ; providine-iodine, ioding with PVP, 10% available iodine, surgical scrub, non-irritating antiseptic solution
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| compound benzoin tincture | NAQ, 10%benzoin, skin protecant, inhalent, vehicle for podophyllum delivery, tight light resistant containers
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| liniments | NAQ, alcoholic, oligenous olution, counterirritant, rubefacient, oil=massage; tight container
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| collodions | NAQ; 4% pyroxylin; 3:1 ether:alcohol; flammible, occlusive protective coating on skin; protec light and temp., well closed
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| Flexible collodion | topical, 2% camphor, 3% castor oil, camphor-waterproof, castor oil-flexible
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| salicyclic acid colloidion | topical, 10% salicyclic acid; keratolytic, white petroleum to protect
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