Control of Body Systems--MOTOR FUNCTION
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| What is a motor neuron pool? | All motor neurons that control a given muscle
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| NEURAL SYSTEMS THAT CONTROL BODY MOVEMENT | NEURAL SYSTEMS CONTRLLING BODY MOVEMENT
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| Highest level: | Determine intention of an action
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| What are some of these structures? | Association cortex
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| Middle Level: | Specifies postures and movements needed to carry out intended action
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| Structures: | Primary cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and brainstem
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| Lowest level: | Determine which motor neurons will be activated
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| Structures: | Brainstem or spinal cord
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| Where do motor neurons exit? | Brainstem and spinal cord
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| What happens as the muscles are doing an action; Where do we send updates about what we're doing? | Motor control centers, which make needed program corrections
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| What determines if an action is voluntary? | We are aware of what we are doing and why, and our attention is directed toward the action of its purpose
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| Do we only control motor movements using conscious thought? Give an exception: | NO! When we move our calf msucles,, so we don't trip when we shift our center of gravity
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| LOCAL CONTROL | LOCAL CONTROL
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| Interneurons: | Where most input to motor neurons comes from
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| Where do they receive input from? | Peripheral receptors, descending pathways, and other interneurons
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| What do muscle spindle stretch receptors do? | Monitor muscle length and changes in length
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| What are they broken into? | Extra fascial and interfascial?
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| What's extrafascial? | They have a large diameter, so long tension and do work
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| Interfascial? | In capsule, interneurons;; innervate others
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| What does activation of the muscle spindle stretch receptors lead to? | Stretch reflex
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| What is the stretch reflex? | ipsilateral antagonists are inhibited and those of synergists are activated
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| What happens there? | You lengthen muscle fiber-->tell brain muscle is stretched-->stretch reflex
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| What is an example of the muscle spindle stretch receptor mechanism? | The knee jerk
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| What do gamma efferent activation of the spindle muscle fibers do? | Maintains muscle contraction in stretch receptors
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| How do we prevent stretch receptors from going slack during voluntary contraction? | Activate alpha and gamma motor neurons
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| What are you aactivating in doing so? Which shortens more quickly? | Interfusal and extrafusal fibers; extrafusal fibers shorten more quickly
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| What does this allow? | Lets motor control system ignore voluntary movements, but still keeps muscle spindles poised to detect if there is a change in the intention
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| What is an example of when this would hapen? | If you pick up a carton of milk you thought is heavy but is empty, you activate alpha and beta, muscle spindles go slack, but you reduce level of excitation
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| MUSCLE TENSION | MUSCLE TENSION
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| Where does muscle tension occur? | In tendons
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| What is it monitored by? | Golgi tendon organs
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| What do the golgi tendon organs do? | Activate inhibitory synapses on motor neurons of the contracting muscle and excitatory synapses on motor neurons of ipsilater antagonists
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| So what neurons do they inhibit? | Alpha neurons
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| FLEXION OR WITHRRDRAWL REFLEX | Withdrawl reflex
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| What does this reflex do? | Excites ipsilateral flexor muscles and inhibits ipsilateral extensors
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| Crossed extensor reflex? | Excites contralateral extensor muscles during excitation of the pisilateral flexors
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| MEAT AND POTATOES | MEAT AND POTATOES
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| What happens when you step on a nail? | Withdrawl: You relax your ipsilateral extensor muscles and contract your flexor (withrdawl) ipsilateral muscles; Crossed-extensor reflex: Excite contralateral extensors during flextion of ipsilateral muscles
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| BRAIN MOTOR CENTERS | BRAIN MOTOR CENTERS
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| Sensorimotor cortex: | parts of the cerebral cortex that act together in control of muscle movement
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| What are the two primary areas? | Primary motor cortex and pre-motor area
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| Which areas get greater control in the brain? How do you decide? | MOTOR HAL!!
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| What do subcortical and brainstem nuclei determine? | determine direction, force, and speed of movements
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| Cerebellum: | Coordinates posture and movement and plays a role in learning
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| What is the corticospinal pathways? | From motor cortex to neurons in spinal cord to interneurons
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| What kind of movmeent does the corticospinal pathway control? | Specific/fine
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| What are non-corticospinal pathways doing? | From brainstem and are invovled in coordination of large groups of musces in posture and movement
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| Is there any overlap between the two? | Yep
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| MUSCLE TONE | MUSCLE TONE
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| Define muscle tone? | Resistance of skeletal musce to passive stretch when an individual is attempting to relax
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| What is muscle tone due to? | Alpha motor neuron ad viscoelastic properties
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| ABNORMAL MUSCLE TONE | abnormal
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| Hypertonia: | Too much tone/ activation
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| Hypotonia: | Too little tone
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| Where does hyptonia arise from? | Alpha motor neuron disuse
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| Where does hypertonia arise? | Disorders of efferent pathways
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