Muscle III
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| How many muscle fiber types is an entire muscle composed of? | Most muscles are made of all three
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| CONTROL OF MUSCLE TENSION | CONTROL OF MUSCLE TENSION
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| What does the tension of WHOLE muscle contraction depend on? | 1. Amt of tension in each fiber 2. Active fibers in muscle
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| What does the number of active fibers depend on? | Number of fibers in unit and number of active motor units
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| Which motor unit would produce the biggest tension: One with a small diameter or large diameter? | Large diameter; remember those glycogenic fibers
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| NUMBERS OF FIBERS | NUMBER OF FIBERS
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| Muscles that produce delicate movements have how much fibers per motor unit? | Few fibers
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| Postural muscles like the back and leg have how much fibers per motor unit? | More fibers per motor unit
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| T or F. If you have a greater number of fibers in a motor unit, that gives you a greater motor unit. | Yes.
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| How much fibers per m.u. do fast glycolytic fibers have? | Large numbers of fibers per m.u.
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| Define: Recruitment: | Increasing number of ACTIVE motor units
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| How is this done? | Increase synaptic input
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| What is the relationship between the recruited unit number and the tension? | Direct. As recruitment goes up, tension goes up
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| RECRUITMENT HIERARCHY | RECRUITMENT HIERARCHY
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| What is the order of recruitment in regards to muscle fibers from first to last and in what contraction strenght? | Slow Ox in weak contractions to fast ox to fast gly in strong contractions
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| SHORTENING VELOCITY | SHORTENING VELOCITY
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| What does shortening velocity depend on? | 1. Load, types of motor units, and recruitment
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| What is the relationship between recruitment and shortening velocity? | Inreasing recruitment will increase velocity at which a muscle moves a load
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| What does muscle mass measure? | Size of the muscle NOT the number of muscle fibers
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| Atrophy vs. hypertrophy: | Decrease vs. increase muscle mass
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| What results from low-intesity excercise? | Increased endurance and NO hypertrophy
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| What causes this? | More mitochorndria and blood vessels come in muscle
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| What results from short duration, high intesity muscles? | Increased fiber diameter (hypertrophy) and increased strenght
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| What causes this? | Inreased synthesis of actin and myosin
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| What happens to force generated by a muscle with each? | It decreases by almost half
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| Why? | Decrease in muscle fiber diameter
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| What happens to the muscle's ability to adapt to excercise with age? | It decreases
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| What does movement around a joint require? | Two antagonistic groups of muscles; one flexes and another extends at the joint
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| SMOOTH MUSCLE | SMOOTH MUSCLE
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| What are the characteristics of smooth muscles that differentiate them from our skelatal muscles? | No striations, single nucleus, and capable of cell division
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| So if they don't have striations, do they have myosin and actin? | YES. YES, they do!!!
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| How are they controled? | Autonomic control mostly
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| CROSS BRIDGE ACTIVATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLES | CROSS-BRIDGE ACTIVATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLES
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| What is the first step in activating smooth muscles? | Inrease calcium leads to calcium binding with CALMODULIN
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| Step 2: | Calcium-calmodulin complex binds to and activates myosin kinase
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| What does this enzyme do? | Uses ATP to phosphorylate smooth muscle myosin
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| Step 3: | phosphorylated myosin binds to actin to get cross-bridge cycling
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| What is the rate of ATP splitting in smooth muscle myosin? | SLOW, so not as fast cross bridge cycling
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| Why is this mainly? | Because there are no straitions in smooth muscles
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| What are the two sources of calcium for the smooth muscles? | SR and extracellular calcium via calcium channels
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| What can cause depolarization in smooth muscles? | 1. RAndom electrical activity in fiber's PM, neurotransmitters released by ANS, and some sort of stimuli
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| Give an example of such a stimuli | HOrmones, stretch, and changes in chemical compositions
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| What are the two types of smooth muscles? | Single unit and multiunit
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| Single Unit: | AP from cell to cell via gap junctions
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| Multiunit: | Not much gap junction AP passing, contractile activity coupled w/ neural activity
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