Immunology II
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| T-CELLS | T-CELLS
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| Where are they produced? Where do they mature? | Bone marrow, matture in thymus
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| Where do the mature cells live? | In peripheral lymphoid organs
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| T-CELL RECEPTORS | T-CELL RECEPTORS
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| How do the t-cell receptors differ from the b-cell ones? | They are not immunoglobulins and their antigen binidng site differs from one T-cell to another
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| How many kinds of antigen binding receptors do they express? | One kind
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| MHC | MHC
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| What is MHC? | Cell surface proteins that allow immune system to recognize 'self' and are necessary for presting antigen
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| What are the two classes of mHC? | Class one and two
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| What comprises class one? What are they used for? | All nucleated cells of the body; they are used for cytotoxic t-cell recognition
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| Where are class II MHC found? | Only on macrophages, b-cells and are used for helper T-cell recognition
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| ACTIVATION OF HELPER T-CELLS | HELPER T-CELLS
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| Where do helper t-cells bind? When? | Bind to presented antigen when presented with Class II MHC proteins
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| Who are they co-stimulated by? | Through non-specifc interactions of opsonins as well
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| What does this lead to? | Secretion of activating factors by presenting cell
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| What are some activating factors? | cytokines
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| Why are they important? | Fora ctivating b-cells and cytotoxic t-cells
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| CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS | CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS
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| Where do cytoxic t-cells bind? | bind to presented antigen when presented with Class I MHC proteins
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| What do they lead to the activation of? | Helper t-cells by binding to antigen presenting cells
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| What do they respond to? | Respond to factors released by helpter T-cells
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| T-LYMPHOCYTES | T-CELLS
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| What are the effects of activating cytotoxic t-cells? | increase number of t-cells, t-cell secretes perforin, and memory cells are formed
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| What does the perforin do? | Inserts holes in target cell's membrane to kill it
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| SUMMARY SUMMARY SUMMARY | SUMMARY SUMMARY SUMMARY SUMMARY
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| B-CELLS | B-CELLS
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| What do they do upon activation? | Differentiation into plasma cells
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| What do those plasma cells do? | Secrete antibodies
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| What kind of responses do they have? | Antibody mediated responses
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| What do they defend against? | Bacteria, toxins, and viruses
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| What does it mean for them to be partially activated? | Do not require antigen presentation for activation
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| HELPER T-CELLS | HELPER T-CELLS
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| What do they do upon activation? | Help activate b-cells and cytotoxic t-cells via chemical messengers they secrete
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| What do they need to be activated? | They need antigen presentation by MHC class II molecules
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| What kind of response do they have? | Receptor mediated responses
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| What do they indirectly defend against? | bacteria, viruses, cancers, and toxins
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| what does it mean for them to indirectly defend against stuff? | They don't do stuff to bacteria, just finish activation of b and cytotoxic t-cells
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| CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS | CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS
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| What do they do upon activation? | They can divide to make clones of identical specificity
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| What do they need in presentation? | They need MHC Class I molecules
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| What are MHC class one molecules? | Present in all cells in body
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| What kind of response do they have? | receptor mediated response, where specific cell binds to an antigen
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| What do they defend against? How? | Viruses and cancers by directing killling cells
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| NATURAL KILLER CELLS | NATURAL KILLER CELLS
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| What part of immune system are they a part of? Specific or non-specific | Non-specific immune system
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| What does it mean to not be specific? | Not be antigen specific
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| What do they require for activation? | They don't need MHC or antigen presentation, but they do need helper t-cells
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| What kind of cells are they similar to? | CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS
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| What do they defend against? | Viruses, cancers by directly killing cells
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| IMMUNE TOLERANCE | IMMUNE TOLERANCE
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| What is clonal deletion? | Self clones destroyed in fetal thymus
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| Where does clonal inactivation happen? | In periphery
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| Why does it happen? | Activating factor for T-cell not understood by APC
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| What is the result? | T-cell dies
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| Which are memory cells? b-cells, Cyto t-cells, or helper t-cells/NK cells | B-cell
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| ANTIBODY MEDIATED RESPONSES | ANTIBODY MEDIATED RESPONSES
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| What happens when microbe or toxin enters body? First step: | B-cells bind to antigen and activate t-cell by presenting antigen to it
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| Second: | Helpter t-cells activated b/c of presentation by MHC class II thing
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| Thrid: | Cytokines cause helper t-cells to make clone of cells that secrete more cytokines
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| What is the role of IL-2 w/ b and t cells? | B-cells secrete il-2-->make more t-cells-->which make more il-2-->causes more b-cells to form
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| What is the fourth step? | B-cells activated by secreted cytokines from helpter t-cells
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| Fifth: | B-cells divide into plasma cells, which secrete anti-bodies
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| dWhat happens to some of the activated b-cells? | They become meory cells that hang out in our body
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| Sixth: | anti-bodies are carried throughout body by blood and combine with antigen
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| Seventh: What can the antibody do to inactivate them? | Can bind directly to toxin/antigen and inactivate them; and it can bind to cells and link them to macrophages, NK cells or complemetn
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| What is a complement? | Series of chemical reactions that poke holes in membrane to kill bacteria
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| HARMFUL IMMUNE RESPONES | HARMFUL IMMUNE RESPONSES
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| What are some? | Hypersensitivity, autoimmune disease, and AIDS
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| What is hypersensitivity? What does it result in? | Results in allergies, it is when you just have a greater immune response-->more histamine formed-->runny nose
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| What is autoimmune attack? | You don't recognize your own cells, so you kill them
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| What are some causes of autoimmune disease? What's an example of one? | Failure of clonal deletion, weird shaped proteins; type one diabetes
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| What does AIDS cause? | Kills helper t-cells and reduces funtion of B and cytotoxic t-cells
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| How does AIDS cause the death of helper t-cells? | It makes our own body do it
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talkglitter2486