ENDOCRINE SYSTEM II: Hypothalmus and pituitary gland
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| When encases the pituitary gland structure? | Encased in bone at the base of the brain
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| How is it connected to the hypothalmus? | By the infundibulum,
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| What is the infundibulum? | a stalk containing nerve fibers and blood vessels
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| How many lobes does it have? | Anterior and posterior, each w/ a different function
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| What is the posterior pitutiary gland? | An outgrowth of the hypothalamus made of neural tissue
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| Where do nerve fibers from the hypothalmus terminate? | In the posterior pituitary adjacent to small blood vessels
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| Where would you have lots of blood? | In the ant. pituitary
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| Where are hormones synthesized? | The hypothalamus
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| A single neuron produces how many hormones? | ONly ONE
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| What does the posterior pituitary secrete? Which hormones, I mean? | Oxytocin and vasopressin
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| Is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothamuls? | NOT via important connections
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| What do the hypothalamic neurons secrete? | Hypophysioltropic hormones that control the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones
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| What is the portal system in the anterior pituitary hormoned? | Hypothamus secretes hormones, they travel to primary capillary plexus in median eminence, and they travel to second capillary plexus via portal veins
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| What does the capillary plexus surround? | Endocrine cells in teh anterioir pituitary
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| What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete? | GH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, FSH, and LH
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| Where does PRL go? | Prolactic goes to the breasts
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| What are hypophysiotropic hormones? | They secrete other important hormones
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| What does CRH secrete? | ACTH
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| What about TRH? | TSH
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| GHRH? | GH
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| Somatostatin? | Inhibits secretion of GH
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| FnRH? | LH and FSH
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| Dopamine? | Inhibits secretion of prolactin
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| What controls hypophysiotropic hormones? | CNS, downstream hormones, non-sequence hormones, and long and short feed-back loops
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| How does CNS control hypophysiotropic hormones? | Via catecholamines and acetylcholine
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| How do downstream hormones control it? | Positve and negative feedback
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| ENDOCRINE DISORDERS | ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
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| Hyposecretion: | Too little hormones
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| Hypersecretion: | Too much hormone
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| Hyporesponsiveness: | Reduced response of the target cells
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| What is diabetes tyipe one? | pancreas produces too little insulin
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| Type two diabetes: | Non insulin dependant, receptors won't respond to insulin
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| What are primary endocine disorders? | defect in the cells that secrete the hormone
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| What are secondary disorders? | Too much or too little tropic hormones
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| How would one distinguish b/w the two? | By measuring the hormone and tropic hromones under both basal conditions and after stimulation or suppression of the hormone
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| What is seasonal affective disorder regulated by? | Pineal gland sensitive to light.
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| How so? | It produces melatonin-synthesized from serotonis
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| What stimulated its production? | Darkness stimulates production
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| What ithibits its production? | light
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| THROID HORMONE | THYROID HORMONE
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| Where is the thryoid gland located? | In lower part of the neck
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| How does secretion of the hormone occur? | enzymatic splitting of a larger protein into T3 and T4
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| Which is secreted in greater amounts? Why? | T4
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| How can we make T3? | T4 can be converted into t3 in target cells
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| What element is an essential element that functions with T4 AND t3? | Iodine
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| What are the effects of throid hormones? | Regulation of metabolic rate, growth, and brain development and function
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| What does it have a permissive effect on? | Catcholamines; it upregulates their receptors
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| ADRENAL GLAND AND STRESS | STRESS AND ADRENAL
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| What is the stress? | Can be fear, cold, infection, pain...
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| What does the stress lead to? | Release of corisol by adrenal gland
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| What induces the rease? | Neural inputs to the hypothalmus which lead to CRH release
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| What does this stimulate? | Gluconogenesis
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| What does the adrenal gland stress lead to? | Stimulates metabolism in the brain
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| What does it have permissive actions upon? | EPI and NE
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| What are they critical for? | Blood pressure hemoeostasis
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| What neural system is activated by stress? | Smpathetic
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