Fundamentals of Body Structures and Functions
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| The endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete their hormones directly into the? | bloodstream
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| Hormones are chemical? | catalysts
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| A chemical catalyst causes a? | reaction to occur
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| Hormones help maintain the body's internal environment within certain narrow ranges. This balancing act is called? | homeostatsis
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| The pituitary gland is located at the? | base of the brain.
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| The pituitary gland is the size of a? | pea
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| The pituitary gland is AKA? | hypophysis or "master gland"
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| It is called the "master gland" because? | its hormones control the functions of many other endocrine glands.
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| Even though the pituitary gland (hypophysis) is called the "master gland" it is controlled bye the? | hypothalamus (wife).
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| The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is divided into two sections called the? | anterior and posterior lobes.
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| The anterior lobe produces? | 1. GH which stands for - growth hormone.
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| GH (growth hormone)stimulates cell metabolism and cause? | cells to divide (replicate) and increase in size.
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| Significant amounts of GH (growth hormone) is secreted until age? | 20
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| Insufficient amounts of GH (growth hormone) can cause? | dwarfism.
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| A synthetic GH (growth hormone) is called? | Humatrope (somatropin)
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| Excessive amounts of GH (growth hormone) can cause? | giantism
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| TSH (T7)which stands for? | thyroid stimulating hormone and is AKA thyrotropin.
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| TSH stimulates the? | thyroid to produce its hormones
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| ACTH which stands for? | adrenocorticotropic hormone
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| Tropic means it comes from the? | pituitary.
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| ACTH stimulates the? | adrenal glands to produce their hormones.
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| MSH which stands for? | melanocyte stimulation hormone
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| A hereditary disorder characterized by and absence of melanin called? | albinism.
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| FSH which stands for? | follicle stimulating hormone.
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| FSH stimulates the? | a. ovaries to start the maturation process of a follicle (oocyte) into an ovum.
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| FSH stimulates the? | b. Testes to create spermatozoa (spermatogenesis).
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| LH which stands for? | luteinizing hormone
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| LH stimulates? | a. ovulation
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| LH stimulates? | b. The production of progestrone to maintain pregnancy.
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| LH simulates? | c. Production of testosterone in males.
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| Lactogenic hormone AKA? | prolaction
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| Lactogenic hormones stimulates the production of? | milk (lactation).
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| The posterior lobe of the pituitary produces? | 1. ADH which stands for -antidiuretic hormone AKA vasopression
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| ADH (antidiuretic hormone) influences the volume of? | urine produced
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| Insufficient production of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is called? | diabetes insipidus (DI)
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| A synthetic ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is called? | Pitressin (vasopressin)
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| OT which stands for? | oxytocin
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| OT stimulates the? | uterus to contract during labor.
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| A synthetic oxytocin is called? | Pitocin ("Pit drip").
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| Oxytocin is also known as the? | binding hormone.
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| Binding refers to? | male-female and mother-neonate bonding.
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| The thyroid gland is located on the right and left sides of the? | trachea just inferior to the larynx.
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| The thyroid produces the following hormones? | 1. T4 also known as thyroxine.
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| The thyroid produces the following hormones? | 2. T3 also known as triliodothyronine
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| The thyroid produces the following hormones? | 3. Calcitionin
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| T3 and T4 are both commonly referred to as the? | thyroxine.
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| T3 and T4 are responsible for the regulation of? | carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.
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| Metabolism refers to the rate at which the body? | utilizes (burns) energy.
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| Hyperthyroidism is called? | Grave's disease
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| Hypothyroidism is called? | myxedema
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| A synthetic thyroxine is called? | Synthroid (levothyroxine)
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| Calcitonin is released when the? | blood calcium levels rise.
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| Calcitonin causes the deposit of? | the calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (p) in bones.
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| The parathyroid glands are located? | embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
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| The parathyroid glands are the size of? | raisins
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| The parathyroid glands secrete? | parathyroid hormone (PTH) AKA parathromone.
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| PTH (parathyroid hormone) causes osteocytes to? | release stored calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) into the blood.
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| Release the PTH (parathyroid hormone) will occur when? | serum Ca(calcium) levels fall.
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| The adrenal glands are located just superior to the? | kidneys
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| The adrenal glands are AKA? | suprarenal glands.
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| The inner portion of the adrenal glands is called the? | adrenal medulla.
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| The outer portion of the adrenal glands is called the? | adrenal cortex.
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| The adrenal medulla produces? | Adrenalin AKA epinephrine.
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| Adrenalin (epinephrine) contributes to the? | "fight or flight" response.
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| This response the "fight or flight" includes: | 1. the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
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| This response the "fight or flight" includes: | 2. Tachycardia
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| This response the "fight or flight" includes: | 3. Tachypnea
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| This response the "fight or flight" includes: | 4. Bronchodilation
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| This response the "fight or flight" includes: | 5. Hypertension
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| This response the "fight or flight" includes: | 6. Pallor
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| The adrenal cortex produces? | 1. Aldosterone
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| The adrenal cortex produces? | 2. Cortisol (hydrocortisone)
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| The hormones are AKA? | steroids (corticosteroids)
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| Anabolic steroids, the type used by athletes, are synthetic versions of? | testosterone
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| Conditions associated with anabolic steroid use includes? | 1. Sudden death (MI, CVA)
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| Conditions associated with anabolic steroid use includes? | 2. Liver cancer
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| Conditions associated with anabolic steroid use includes? | 3. Aggressiveness ("roid rage")
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| Aldosterone regulates the balance of electrolytes (salts) include? | 1. Phosphorus (P) Mineral salts sodium (Na)
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| Conditions associated with anabolic steroid use includes? | 2. Potassium (K)
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| Conditions associated with anabolic steroid use includes? | 3. Chloride (Cl)
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| Conditions associated with anabolic steroid use includes? | 4. Calcium (Ca) (Mineral salts)
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| Conditions associated with anabolic steroid use includes? | 5. Phosphorus (P) Minerals salts
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| The actions of cortisol (hydrocortisone) include? | 1. Maintain proper glucose concentration in the blood between meals
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| The actions of cortisol (hydrocortisone) include? | 2. Helps reduce the inflammatory response
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| The actions of cortisol (hydrocortisone) include? | 3. Aids the body with stressful situations.
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| Hypersecretions of cortisol is called? | Cushing's Disease
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| Hyposecretions of cortisol is called? | Addison's disease.
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| A synthetic cortisol is called? | cortisone.
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| The pancreas is located posterior to the? | stomach (retrogastric)
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| The purpose of the pancreas includes the production of? | insulin and glucagon
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| Insulin is secreted when the? | blood sugar(BS) rises after eating a meal.
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| The insulin allows the glucose (BS) to? | enter the cells.
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| When the glucose enters the cells the blood sugar (BS) level will? | fall
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| When the blood sugar (BS) falls too low the pancreas will secrete? | glucagon
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| Glucagon will stimulate the? | liver to convert glycogen to glucose.
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| This action will cause the glucose (BS) to? | rise.
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| A normal blood sugar (BS) is? | 1. 90 - 130 mg/dL (a.c. meals)
2. Less than 180 mg/dL (2 hours p.c. after meals).
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| Hyposecretion of insulin and/or the difficult utilization of glucose (insulin resistance) by the cells is called? | diabetes mellitus (DM).
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| A synthetic insulin is called? | Humulin (insulin)
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| Medications designed to stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin or aid the cells in glucose utilization are called? | oral hypoglycemics (antidiabetics).
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| Risks factors for DM include? | 1. Heredity
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| Risks factors for DM include? | 2. Obesity
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| Risks factors for DM include? | 3. Over consumption of refined sugars
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| Risks factors for DM include? | 4. Over consumption of food
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| Risks factors for DM include? | 5. Sedentary lifestyle
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| Risks factors for DM include? | 6. Gestational DM
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| Risks factors for DM include? | 7. African American, Native American, Hispanic, Asian American.
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| Risks factors for DM include? | 8. Chronic hypertension.
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| Diabetes mellitus that develops in children is called? | juvenile onset DM or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or type I diabetes mellitus.
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| Type I DM is the most serious form of DM and requires? | 1. Daily injections of insulin
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| Type I DM is the most serious form of DM and requires? | 2. Strict diet control
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| Type I DM is the most serious form of DM and requires? | 3. Regimented exercise
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| DM (diabetes mellitus) that develops in adulthood is called? | maturity onset DM or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or type 11 DM
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| This type of DM is less severe and can often be controlled by? | proper diet alone or proper diet and oral hypoglycemics (antidiabetics) such as Diabenese or Glucophage.
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| Oral hypoglycemics (antidiabetics) stimulate the pancreas to? | secrete more insulin and/or allows the cells to utilize glucose more efficiently.
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| Signs and symptoms of DM include? | A. Polyuria(excessive urination)
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| Signs and symptoms of DM include? | B. Glycosuria (sugar in the ruin)
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| Signs and symptoms of DM include? | C. Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
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| Signs and symptoms of DM include? | D. Ketouria (keytones in the urine)
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| Signs and symptoms of DM include? | E. Weight loss
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| Signs and symptoms of DM include? | F. Fatigue
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| Signs and symptoms of DM include? | G. Poor wound healing
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| Complications of DM include? | 1. Atherosclerosis leading to MI, CVA, or occlusion of a leg artery resulting in gangrene.
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| Treatment includes for diabetes is? | A. Strict diet based on number of calories per day divided into proper portions of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
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| Treatment includes for diabetes is? | B. Correct dosages of insulin based on self-blood glucose monitoring (SBGM).
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| Treatment includes for diabetes is? | Regular exercise because diet intake and insulin (Humulin) dosage are based on the metabolic needs of the individual.
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| Diet insulin, or exercise cannot be altered without creating an? | Insulin excess or deficiency.
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| Diabetic coma (elevated BS) can result when a diabetic? | 1. Fails to take enough insulin
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| Diabetic coma (elevated BS) can result when a diabetic? | 2. Increase caloric intake
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| Diabetic coma (elevated BS) can result when a diabetic? | 3. Decreases exercise
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| Sign and symptoms of diabetic coma include? | 4. Lethargy
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| Diabetic coma (elevated BS) can result when a diabetic? | 5. Loss of consciousness and coma
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| Treatments include? | administration of insulin and hydration.
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| Insulin shock (deficient BS) results when a diabetic? | 1. Administers too much insulin
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| Diabetic coma (elevated BS) can result when a diabetic? | 2. Does not eat enough food.
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| Diabetic coma (elevated BS) can result when a diabetic? | 3. Exercises excessively
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| Signs and symptoms of insulin shock include? | 1. Shallow breathing.
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| Signs and symptoms of insulin shock include? | 2. Diaphoresis (profuse sweating)
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| Signs and symptoms of insulin shock include? | 3. Syncope (fainting)
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| Signs and symptoms of insulin shock include? | 4. LOC and coma (loss of conciousness)
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| Treatment includes? | administration of sugar in any form.
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| To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | a. Follow prescribed diet exactly
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| To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | b. take prescribed insulin or hypoglycemics are directed.
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| To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | c. Monitor BS every day
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| To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | d. follow daily exercise regiment.
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| To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | e. Always wear feet protection to prevent injury from stubbing, fire ants, sand spurs, etc.
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| To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | f. Have a podiatrist take care of ANY foot needs IMMEDIATELY such as clipping toe nails, corns, bunions, calluses, wounds, etc to prevent accidental injury.
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| To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | g. A medical alert bracelet or necklace should be worn at all times.
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| To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | h.Always check temperature of bath water before stepping into bath to prevent scalding
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| Even a small wound to a diabetic's feet can result in uncontrolled infection due to poor wound healing and can eventually lead to? | amputation of the extremity.
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| Diabetics that have difficulty controlling their blood sugar are called? | "brittle diabetics."
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| To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | 1. Highly irregular menses.
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| To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | 2. More than 40 days between cycles
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| To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | 3. A waist size greater than 40 inches in men and 35 inches in women.
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| Some studies indicate that type II DM can double the risk of? | Alzheimer's Disease (AD).
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| GTT stands for? | glucose tolerance test
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| PPBS stands for? | postprandial blood sugar
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| FBS stands for? | fasting blood sugar
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| A1c (HbA1c) stands for? | provides an average of your BS control over a 6 to 12 week period
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| A1c (HbA1c) normal range is? | 4% -6% (DM.7%)
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| PBI stands for? | protein bound iodine (thyroid)
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| RAIU stands for? | radioactive iodine uptake test (thyroid)
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| HCG stands for? | human chorionic gonadotropn (serum and urine pregnancy test)
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Created by:
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