Med’11 Foundation: Terminology
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| Angi/o | Vessel
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| Aort/o | Aorta
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| Arteri/o | Artery
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| Arteriol/o | Arteriole
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| Cardi/o | Heart
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| Coron/o | Heart
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| Phleb/o | Vein
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| Ven/o | Vein
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| Venul/o | Venule
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| Aneurysm | Local widening of an artery caused by weakness in the arterial wall
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breakdown of the wall from atherosclerosis
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| Angina | Chest pain caused by decreased blood flow to heart muscle
(Angina pectoris)
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| Arrhythmia | Abnormal heartbeat (rhythm)
E.g. Fibrillation, Flutter
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| Atherosclerosis | Hardening of arteries with a collection of cholesterol-like plaque.
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| Congestive heart failure | Inability of the hear to pump its required amount of blood. Blood accumulates in the lungs, causing pulmonary edema.
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| Hypertension | High blood pressure
Essential: no apparent cause
Secondary: another illness is the cause of hypertension
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| Myocardial infarction | Heart attack
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| Infarction | Area of dead (necrotic) tissue
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| Shock | A group of signs and symptoms (paleness of skin, weak and rapid pulse, shallow breathing) indicating poor oxygen supply to tissues and insufficient return of blood to heart
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| Lymph/o | Lymph fluid
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| Lymphaden/o | Lymph node
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| Lymphangi/o | Lymph vessel
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| Splen/o | Spleen
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| Thym/o | Thymus gland
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| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | Suppression or deficiency of the immune response (destruction of lymphocytes) caused by exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
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| Lymphoma | Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue
(E.g. Hodgkin disease)
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| Mononucleosis | Acute infectious disease with enlargement of lymph nodes and increased numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes in the bloodstream
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| Sarcoidosis | Inflammatory disease in which small nodules, or tubercles, form in lymph nodes and other organs
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| Adenoid/o | Adenoid
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| Alveol/o | Air sac; alveolus
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| Bronch/o | Bronchial tube
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| Bronchiol/o | Bronchiole
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| Cyan/o | Blue
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| Epiglotto/o | Epiglottis
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| Laryng/o | Larynx
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| Nas/o | Nose
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| Rhin/o | Nose
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| Pharyng/o | Pharynx
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| Phren/o | Diaphragm
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| Pneumon/o | Lung
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| Pulmon/o | Lung
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| Tonsill/o | Tonsils
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| Trache/o | Trachea
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| Asphyxia | Extreme decrease in the amount of oxygen in the body with increase of carbon dioxide leads to loss of consciousness or death
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| Asthma | Spasm and narrowing of bronchi, leading to bronchial airway obstruction
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| Atelectasis | Collapsed lung
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| Emphysema | Hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls
(Type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, along with bronchitis and asthma)
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| Hemoptysis | Spitting up of blood
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| Hemothorax | Blood in the pleural cavity
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| Pneumoconiosis | Abnormal condition of dust in the lungs
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| Pneumonia | Inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction
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| Tuberculosis | An infectious disease caused by bacteria (bacilli); the lungs and other organs are affected.
Signs and symptoms are cough, weight loss, night sweats, hemoptysis, and pleuritic pain
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| An/o | anus
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| Append/o | appendix
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| Appendic/o | appendix
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| cholecyst/o | gallbladder
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| col/o | colon
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| colon/o | colon
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| duoden/o | duodenum
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| esophag/o | esophagus
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| gastr/o | stomach
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| hepat/o | liver
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| ile/o | ileum
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| jejun/o | jejunum
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| or/o | mouth
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| pancreat/o | pancreas
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| pharyng/o | pharynx
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| proct/o | anus and rectum
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| rect/o | rectum
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| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon
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| stomat/o | mouth
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| Cholelithiasis | Abnormal condition of gallstones
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| Cirrhosis | Chronic disease of the liver with degeneration of liver cells
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| Colonic polyposis | Condition in which polyps protrude from the mucous membrane lining the colon.
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| Diverticulosis | Abnormal condition of small pouches or sacs (diverticula) in the wall of the intestine (often the colon)
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| Diverticulitis | Inflammation and infection with the diverticula
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| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | Condition in which contents of the stomach flow back into the esophagus
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| Hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver
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| Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) | Inflammation of the terminal (last) portion of the ileum (Crohn disease) or inflammation of the colon (ulcerative colitis)
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| Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | Signs and symptoms are cramping, abdominal bloating, constipation, and diarrhea. Although IBS causes distressing symptoms, it doesn’t permanently harm the intestine.
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| Hapatocellular carcinoma | Cancer (primary) of the liver
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| Jaundice | Yellow-orange coloration of the skin and other tissues, from high levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream (hyperbilirubinemia)
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| Adren/o | Adrenal gland
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| Adrenal/o | Adrenal gland
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| Hypophys/o | Pituitary gland
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| Oophor/o | Ovary
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| Ovari/o | Ovary
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| Orch/o | Testis
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| Orchi/o | Testis
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| Orchid/o | Testis
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| Pancreat/o | Pancreas
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| Parathyroid/o | Parathyroid gland
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| Pituitar/o | Pituitary gland
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| Thym/o | Thymus gland
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| Thyroaden/o | Thyroid gland
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| Thyroid/o | Thyroid gland
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| Acromegaly | Enlargement of extremities caused by hypersecretion from the anterior portion of the pituitary gland after puberty
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| Cushing syndrome | A group of clinical features produced by excess secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex. These signs and symptoms include obesity, moonlike facies (fullness of the face), hyperglycemia, and osteoporosis.
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| Diabetes mellitus | Disorder of pancreas that causes inc in bld gluc levels
Type 1: onset usually in childhood, involves complete deficiency of insulin in body
Type 2: onset usually in adulthood, involves some insulin deficiency&resistance of tissues to action of i
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| Goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland
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| Hyperthyroidism | Overactivity of the thyroid gland; also called Graves disease or exopthalmic (eyeballs bulge outward) goiter
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| Cardioversion | Brief discharges of electricity passing across the chest to stop a cardiac arrhythmia.
Also called defibrillation
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| Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) | Vessels taken from the patient’s legs or chest are connected to coronary arteries to make detours around blockages
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| Endarterectomy | Surgical removal of the innermost lining of an artery to remove fatty deposits and clots
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| Heart transplantation | A donor heart is transferred to a recipient
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| Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) | A balloon-tipped catheter (a flexible, tubular instrument) is threaded into a coronary artery to compress fatty deposits and the recurrence of blockages less likely.
Also called balloon angioplasty
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| Thrombolytic therapy | Drugs such as tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) and streptokinase are injected into a patient’s bloodstream to dissolve clots that may cause a heart attack
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| Aortic stenosis | Narrowing of the largest artery
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| Anastomosis | Surgical creation of an opening between 2 gastrointestinal organs
E.g. gastrojejunostomy, cholecystojejunostomy, choledochoduodenostomy
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| Colostomy | Surgical creation of a new opening of the colon to the outside of the body
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| Ileostomy | Surgical creation of a new opening of the ileum to the outside of the body
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| Laparoscopic surgery | Removal of organs or tissues via a laparoscope (instrument inserted into the abdomen through a small incision)
E.g. laparoscopic cholecystectomy, laparoscopic appendectomy.
It is a form of minimally invasive surgery
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| Chemotherapy | Treatment with powerful drugs to kill cancer cells (Hodgkin disease, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma) and viruses such as the HIV
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| Radiotherapy (radiation therapy) | Treatment with high-dose to destroy malignant lesions in the body
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| Endotracheal intubation | A tube is placed through the nose or mouth into the trachea to establish an airway during surgery and for placement on a respirator (a machine that moves air into and out of the lungs)
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| Thoracentesis | A needle is inserted through the skin between the ribs and into the pleural space to drain a pleural effusion
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| Thoracotomy | Incision of the chest to remove a lung (pneumonectomy) or a portion of a lung (lobectomy)
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| Tracheostomy | Creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck and the insertion of a tube to create an airway
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| Cyst/o | Urinary bladder
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| Vesic/o | Urinary bladder
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| Nephr/o | Kidney
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| Ren/o | Kidney
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| Pyel/o | Renal pelvis
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| Ureter/o | Ureter
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| Urethr/o | Urethra
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| Albuminuria | Abnormal condition of protein (albumin) in the urine
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| Anuria | Abnormal condition of no urine production
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| Dysuria | Painful urination
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| Glycosuria | Abnormal condition of glucose in the urine
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| Hematuria | Abnormal condition of blood in the urine
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| Nephrolithiasis | Abnormal condition of stones in the kidney
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| Renal failure | Condition in which the kidneys stop functioning and don’t produce urine
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| Uremia | Condition of high levels of urea (nitrogenous waste material) in the blood
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| Dialysis | Waste materials (urea, creatinine, uric acid) are separated from the blood by a machine (hemodialysis).
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| Peritoneal dialysis | Alternative to dialysis, a peritoneal catheter delivers a special fluid into the abdominal cavity, and then the fluid, which now contains waste materials that have seeped from the blood into it, is drained
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| Lithotripsy | Shock waves are beamed into a patient to crush urinary tract stones. The stone fragments then pass out of the body with urine.
Also called extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
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| Renal transplantation | A donor kidney is transferred to a recipient
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| Urinary catheterization | A catheter is passed through the urethra and into the urinary bladder for short-term or long-term drainage of urine
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