Climate & Climate Change
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| What are the main factors that affect how much precipitation an area receives? | Prevailing winds and the presence of mountains
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| climate | refers to the average, year-after-year conditions of temperature, precipitation, winds & clouds in an area
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| weather | refers to the condition of the atmosphere refers to day-to-day events; might be cloudy & rainy one day and clear & sunny the next
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| What two main factors determine the climate of a region? | precipitation & temperature
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| Climate region | a large area with similar climate conditions
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| prevailing winds | directional winds that usually blow in a region; they move huge air masses from place to place
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| What can carry more water vapor, warm air or cold air? | warm air
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| What happens when warm air with a lot of water vapor rises and cools? | Water comes out of the air as precipitation
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| The amount of water vapor in prevailing winds depends on what two things? | (1) Whether the winds are warm or cold air, and (2) where the winds come from.
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| Winds that blow inland from oceans carry ___________ water vapor than winds that blow from over land. | more
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| The Sahara Desert is near both the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, but it is dry. Why? | Because most of the prevailing winds blow in from land and not from the ocean. [The prevailing winds are the dry northeast trade winds bringing cool, sinking air from southwest Asia.]
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| Where there are mountains, precipitation falls on the ___________ side. | windward (the side the oncoming wind hits)
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| The air on the ___________ side of a mountain is cool and dry. | leeward (the downwind side)
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| The 4 main factors that influence temperature | (1) latitude, (2) altitude, (3) distance from large bodies of water, and (4) ocean currents
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| How latitude affects temperature | Usually climates of places farther away from the equator are cooler than areas close to the equator
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| What is latitude? | The distance a place is from the equator
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| What are the 3 temperature zones of Earth's surface, based on latitude? | (1) the tropical zone, (2) polar zones, (3) temperate zones
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| Where is the tropical zone? | The area near the equator, from 23 degrees north of the equator to 23 degrees south. The climates there are warm because that zone receive direct sunlight all year round.
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| Where are the polar zones? | The zone near the poles, from 66.5 degrees north to north pole and from 66.5 deg. south to the south pole. Cold climates because the sun's rays hit at a lower angle.
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| Where are the temperate zones? | Between the topical and the polar zones, both north and south of the equator. sun's rays direct in summer, indirect in winter; climates warm to hot in summer; cool to cold in winter.
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| How can altitude affect climate? | In the case of high mountains, altitude affects climate more than latitude. Ex: Mt. Kilimanjaro is near the equator, but because it is so high, it is covered in snow all year round.
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| How do large bodies of water affect climate? | Oceans or large lakes often greatly moderate, or make less extreme, the temperatures of nearby land; marine climates
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| What areas have marine climates? | Much of the west coasts of North America, South America, and Euroope have relatively warm winters and cool summers because prevailing winds come from a body of water.
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| What are continental climates? | Climates with more extreme temperatures--cold winters, and warm or hot summers; too far inland to be warmed or cooled by the oceans. Ex: Most of Canada & Russia, and the central U.S.
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| ocean currents | streams of water within the oceans that move in regular patterns
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| Where do warm ocean currents run? | Usually carry warm water from the tropics to the poles
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| Where do cold ocean currents run? | Bring cold water from the polar zones toward the equator
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| What is the best-known warm-water current and where does it run? | The Gulf Stream [see map on p. 518]. It gives Ireland & southern England a mild, wet climate despite their relatively high latitude
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| El Nino | a warm water current that occurs every 2 to 7 years in the Pacific Ocean.
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| How does El Nino affect climate? | It causes shifts in weather patterns around the world, bringing unusual and often severe conditions to different areas.
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| Microclimate | A small area with specific climate conditions different from surrounding areas; example: grove of trees is more humid than a nearby open field
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| What can result in a microclimate? | Inland mountains, lakes, forest, and other natural features can influence climate nearby.
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| What causes the seasons? | The tilt of Earth's axis as Earth travels around the sun [see diagram on text p. 521]
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