Anatomy & Physiology I - Chapter 6: Bone and Skeletal Tissue
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| Cartilage tissue is mostly | water
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| The skeletal cartilage has no nerves or blood vessels, is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue called | perichondrium
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| What is contain in the perichondrium? | blood vessels
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| Name the three types of skeletal cartilages | hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilages
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| What are the most abundant skeletal cartilages that provide flexibility? | Hyaline cartilage
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| Name the cartilages that cover the ends of most bones at movable joints | articular cartilage
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| Skeletal hyaline cartilages include | Articular, Costal, Respiratory, Nasal cartilages
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| What cartilage can stretch and bend? | Elastic cartilage
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| Where is the elastic cartilage located? | Ear and Epiglottis
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| Highly compressible and tensile strength | Fibrocartilages
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| Where is the fibrocartilages located? | Knee and vertebrae disc
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| Cartilage has ___ ____ which can accommodate mitosis | flexible matrix
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| Cartilage grows in two ways | Appositional and Interstitial growth
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| "growth from outside" | appositional growth
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| "growth from inside" | interstitial growth
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| Calcium salts in the matrix can harden is a process called | calcification
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| Typically, cartilage growth stop during what stage | adolescense
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| Is calcified cartilage a bone? | No, cartilage and bone always have different tissues
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| 206 bones in the human body divided into two groups: | axial and appendicular skeleton
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| Long axis of the body (skull, vertebral column, and rib cage) | axial skeleton
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| Name the skeleton that consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder bones and hip bones) that is connected to the axial skeleton | appendicular skeleton
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| What part of the bones helps to get us from place to place? | limbs
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| Name the bone that have a shaft and two ends, and has all limb bones except patella, wrists, and ankle bones | Long bones
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| Wrist and ankle bones; roughly cube shaped | Short bones
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| Special type of bone that are form in tendon | Sesamoid bones
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| Name the type of bones that includes most skull, the sternum, scapula, and ribs | Flat bones
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| Complicated shapes bones that includes vertebrae and hip bones | Irregular bones
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| Name the FIVE functions of bones: | Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral and growth factor storage, and Blood cell formation
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| Bone is reservoir for what TWO most important types of minerals? | calcium and phosphate
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| Where does the blood cell formation or hematopoieses occurs? | in the marrow cavities of certain bones
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| Is bones an organs? | Yes, cause they have different tissues
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| Name the three levels of bone structure: | Gross, Microscopic, Chemical
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| Projections, depressions, and openings that serve as sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment, as joint surfaces, or blood vessels and nerves | bone markings
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| The dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid is called | compact bone
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| Consists of honeycomb, needle-like, or flat pieces, called trabeculae is called | spongy bone
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| Blood cell formation | Hematopoiesis
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| What type of bone are found mostly in the hip? | spongy bone
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| Mature bone cells | Osteocytes
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| Location of red bone marrow | Spongy bone
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| Cartilage cells | Chondrocytes
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| Bone-building cells | Osteoblasts
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| Process of bone formation | Osteogenesis or ossification
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| Replacement of connective tissue membranes with bony tissue | Intramembranous ossification
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| Replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue | Endochondral ossification
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| Growth region (in length) of the long bone | Epiphyseal plate
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| Growth of bone in diameter | Appositional growth
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| Narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes | Canaliculi
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| Basic functional unit of compact bone | Osteon
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| Tiny plates of bone material found in spongy bone | Trabeculae
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| Concentric rings that surround the Haversian canal | Lamellae
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| Perforating canals that carry interconnected blood vessels to the Haversian canal | Volkmann canals
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| Structures contained in the central canal of an osteon | Blood vessels
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| The substance contained in the medullary cavity of bones in an adult | Yellow bone marrow
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| Substance contained in the spaces of the spongy bone | Red bone marrow
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| The inorganic minerals contained in the intercellular matrix of bone | Calcium and phosphorus (hydroxyapatite)
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| The hormone that functions to decrease the level of calcium in the blood | Calcitonin
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| The hormone that raises the level of calcium ions in the blood | Parathyroid hormone
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| The hormone that is used in hormone therapy to reduce osteoporosis | Estrogen
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| Elevated levels of a hormone that could cause premature closure of the epiphyseal plates | Testosterone
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| A hormone that is necessary for proper bone formation | Thyroxine
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| A painful infection of the bone often caused by bacteria | Osteomyelitis
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| A condition occurs with aging that causes a gradual reduction in bone mass | Osteopenia
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| Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone would produce changes in the bone similar to those associated with | Osteomalacia
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| A condition causing bow legs in a child | Rickets
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| A painful condition that occurs when the bones become weak and thin and tend to fracture easily | Osteoporosis
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| A fracture in which the bone breaks cleanly and does not penetrate the skin | Simple fracture
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| fracture that has broken ends of the bone protrude through the soft tissues and the skin | Compound fracture
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| A fracture in which the bone is crushed | Compression fracture
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| A fracture in which broken bone ends are forced into each other | Impacted fracture
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| A fracture in which bone fragments into many pieces | Comminuted fracture
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| Long bone | Femur of the leg
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| Short bone | Carpals of wrist
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| Flat bone | Sternum of breastbone
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| Irregular bone | Vertebrae of spinal column and hip bones
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| Sesamoid bone | Patella of knee
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| Large, rough, rounded projections | Tuberosity
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| Crest | Narrow ridge of bone
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| Trochanter | Very large, blunt, irregularly-shaped process
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| Tubercle | Small rounded projection or process
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| Spine | Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
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| Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck | Head
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| Smooth, nearly flat articular surface | Facet
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| Rounded articular projection | Condyle
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| Arm-like bar of bone | Ramus
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| Canal-like passageway | Meatus
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| Cavity within a bone | Sinus
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| Shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface | Fossa
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| Furrow | Groove
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| Narrow, slit-like opening | fissure
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| Round or oval opening through a bone | foramen
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| Name the intramembranous ossification or spongy bone stages in order: | Stage 1-Ossification center in the fibrous membrane, Stage 2-Bone matrix within the fibrous membrane, Stage 3-Woven bone and the periosteum , Stage 4-Compact bone plates and red marrow
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| Name the endochondroal ossification in a long bone process in order: | 1-Bone collar around the diaphysis of the hyaline model , 2-Calcification of cartilage in the center of the diaphysis, 3-Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud, 4-Medullary cavity as ossification continues, 5-Ossification if the epiphysis
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| Name the growth of a long bone stages in order: | 1-Cartilage cells undergo mitosis, 2-Cartilage cells undergo hypertrophy followed by calcification of the matrix, 3-Dead cartilage cells appear, matrix begins deteriorating, 4-Ossification occurs on the epiphyseal plate next to the medullary cavity
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| Most abundant skeletal cartilage | Hyaline cartilage
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| Cartilage-forming cell | Chrondroblast
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| Able to withstand large amounts of compression | Fibrocartilage
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| Located in the external ear and epiglottis | Elastic cartilage
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| Encloses brain and other soft organs function as... | Protection
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| Site of attachment for skeletal muscles function as... | Movement
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| Calcium phosphate repository function as... | Mineral storage
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| Blood cell production function as... | Hematopoiesis
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| Bone-destroying cell | Osteoclast
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| Bone stem cell | Osteoprogenitor cell
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| Primary ossification center | Diaphysis
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| Secondary ossification center | Epiphysis
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| Site of length increase in long bones | Growth plate
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| Process of long bone development | Endochondral ossification
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| Name the 4 stages of bone repair: | 1) Hematoma formation 2) Fibrocartilaginous callus formation 3) Bony callus 4) Bone remodeling
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| Caused by tearing of blood vessels in and around fracture site | Hematoma formation
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| Activity of fibroblasts and osteoblasts creates an overgrown splint around the fracture site | Fibrocartilage callus
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| Trabeculae invade callus and begin to replace fibrous tissue | Bony callus formation
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| Excess bony material is removed from the external and internal surfaces of the diaphysis | Bone remodeling
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| Layers of bone | Lamellae
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| Cavities in bone where cells live. | Lacunae
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| Major organic fiber of bone. | Collagen
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| Major inorganic component of bone | Calcium phosphate
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| Has length greater than width | Long bone
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| Length and width equal. | Short bone
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| Bone with complex shape. | Irregular bone
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| Thin bone. | Flat bone
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| Ovoid bone found in tendon. | Sesamoid bone
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| Shaft of a long bone | Diaphysis
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| Hollow space in the shaft. | Medullary cavity
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| Expanded portion of the long bone at its ends | Epiphysis
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| Thin connective tissue membrane that lines the medullary cavity. | Endosteum
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| Fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of long bone | Periosteum
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| A major difference between bone tissue and other connective tissues lies in which of the following? | The composition of the intercellular substance of bone
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| Which of the following statements concerning the periosteum of a bone is NOT true? | Periosteum does NOT cover sesamoid bones, the articular surfaces of bones, or extend around tendon and ligament
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| Which of the following factors is NOT believed to affect bone growth? | proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
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| During fetal development intramembranous ossification takes place in | connective tissue membranes
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| Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone | calcitonin
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| Endochondral and intramembranous are terms that are used to describe | the development of bone
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| Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of | a cartilage model
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| What is the function of the skeletal system? | protect, store minerals, support the body and form new blood cells
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| Long bones differ from flat bones in that long bones | have epiphyses
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| Mary is 50 years old. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals that portions of her skeleton show signs of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests hormone therapy after reviewing the test results. What hormone is prescribed for Mary? | Estrogen
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| The bones of the skeleton store energy reserves as lipids in areas of | yellow marrow
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| The lacunae of bone contain | osteocytes
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| The process of bone growth at the epiphyseal plate is similar to | endochondral ossification.
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| The two types of osseous tissue are | compact bone and spongy bone
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| When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones | grow longer
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| When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone | long bones have reached their adult length.
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| When does Intramembranous ossification begins? | begins within a connective tissue membrane.
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| A fracture in the shaft of a bone would occur in the | diaphysis
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| Growth of a cartilage in which the chondrocytes within the matrix become active and proliferate is known as | interstitial growth
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| Osteocytes maintain contact with the blood vessels of the central canal through | canaliculi
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| Spongy bone contains all of the following except | true osteons
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| The bones in the long axis of the body make up the | axial skeleton
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| Which of the following is a canal-like passageway? | meatus
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| Which of the following characteristics of skeletal cartilage limits its thickness? | It is avascular and receives most of its nourishment from the perichondrium that surrounds it.
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| Which of the following structures is made of elastic cartilage? | the epiglottis
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| The menisci of the knee are made of | fibrocartilage
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| Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth of cartilage? | Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix from within the cartilage.
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| ___________ bones act to alter the direction of tendon pull | Sesamoid
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| _______ is stored in the matrix of bones | calcium
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| A narrow slit-like opening in a bone is referred to as a | spine
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| Which of the following structures anchors the periosteum to the underlying bone? | perforating
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| Which of the following is the site where bone marrow is routinely sampled in an adult? | the sternum
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| Bone forming cells originate from | osteoprogenitor cells
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| A Haversian system is the functional unit of | lamellar bone
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| The twisting of a long bone is prevented by which of the following? | circumferential lamella
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| It is currently thought that sacrificial bonds between_______ provide resilience to bone tissue. | collagen molecules
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| Hydroxyapatite in bone matrix that gives bone its hardness is primarily composed of | calcium and phosphates
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| 65% of bone mass is composed of | hydroxyapatites
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| In the human embryo, before eight weeks the skeleton is composed of | fibrous membrane
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| All bones of the skeleton below the base of the skull are developed by endochondral ossification except the | clavicle
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| Which type of bone only has primary ossification centers? | short bones
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| In month three of endochondral ossification, the first structure to be formed is a collection of elements known as the ____________ that invades the bone cavities present at this time. | periosteal bud
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| Every week we recycle _____ of our bone mass. | 5%
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| Which of the following of the following statements about osteoclasts is incorrect? | Osteoclasts only reabsorb old bone matrix
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| Which of the following hormones' primary function is to regulate bone density? | leptin
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| If a breastfeeding mother becomes vitamin D deficient, what is the most likely disease to develop in the nursing infant? | rickets
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| Which of the following fractures would be the most likely not to heal? | a comminuted fracture
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| How does alendronate help treat osteoporosis? | It suppresses osteoclast activity
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