Transcription and Translation
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| RNA polymerase | enzyme that catalyzes the transcription reaction
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| promoter sequences determine what? | What, Where, and How Much the gene is transcribed
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| Where do RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to? | promoter region
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| What bind a promoter? | RNA polymerase and transcription factors
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| activators | increase transcription
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| repressors | block transcription
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| Describe Transcription | (blank)
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| What does translation require? | tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, plus amnio acids and energy
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| what is ribosome made of? | mostly of rRNA + small proteins
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| are most enzyme proteins? | yes
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| what is the catalyst for translation? | ribosome
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| what does tRNA do? | bring amino acids to the ribosome
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| anticodon | complementary to the codon on mRNA
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| AUG | (initiation codon) marks the beginning of translation
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| promoter | region of DNA where transcription is initiated
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| explain elongation | tRNA goes to A site and its anticodon hooks to mRNA codon. Amino acid of tRNA in P site hooks on to 2nd tRNA; 1st tRNA unhooks and 2nd tRNA moves to P site
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| dehydration | take monomer and make polymer
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| explain termination | (blank)
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| What are the stop codons? | UAA, UAG, UGA
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| what are genes compose of? | exons and introns
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| exons | nucleotides sequence that are transcribed and translated
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| Introns | transcribed not translated
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| What's the percent of gene that is not translated? | 90%
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| Does bacteria and mitochondria have introns? | no
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| why do we need introns? | allow exons to mix and match for new functions.
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| what are pre-mRNA composed of? | exons and introns
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| Is 90% of a gene introns or extrons? | introns
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| how can different combinations of exons generate different protein? | through alternative splicing
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| 3 things that are done to mRNA before it leaving the nucleus | 1) splice introns (cut out) 2) put on 5' cap 3) 3' tail
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| 5'cap | help ribosomal subunit attach
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| tail | protect RNA
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