Special Senses
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| What is the unit of measuring light? | Wavelength
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| What is the fobia centrales? | Dense receptors are located here
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| What is responsible to focus light in the eye? | Cornea and lens
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| What is accommodation? | When the lens shape changes in response to viewing near or far objects to focus both by the retina
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| What controsl lens shape? | Ciliary muscle does
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| Why do refractive disorders arise? | changes in the shape of the eye or width of the lens
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| What is presyopia? | Increasing stiffness of the lens makes accomodation for near vision difficult.
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| What is presyopia typically a result of? | Aging
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| What is myopia? | Nearsightendess,
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| What causes myopia? | Either an eye that is too long or a lens that is too wide
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| What is hyperopia? | Farsightedness
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| GENERALLY, what does your eyball look like if you're nearsighted? | too long
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| Farsighted? | Too squished
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| What controls the amount of light in the eye? | IRIS
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| What is the structure through which the light enters the eye? | Pupil
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| What happens to the size of the iris as the ligh is decreased? | Increase iris size
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| What is the contraction of the eye, causing the hole to get smaller is called what? | Parasymapathetic
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| What is the relaxing of th eye called? | Sympathetic
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| What are the photoreceptor cell sin the retina? | Rods and cones
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| Where would you find greater photoreceptors? | In the fovea, which is the center of the retina rather than the peripherry
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| What controls the intesity of light in the eye? | AP
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| What is this relationship? | Direct. the more light, the greater the action potential
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| RODS VS CONES | RODS VS CONES
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| What is the sensitivity of rods vs cones? | Rods are high, cones are low
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| Waht is the color difference b/w rods and cones? | Rods and Black and White, cones are color
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| What is the resolution of rods vs cones? | Rods are low and cones are high
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| What is the location of rods vs. cones? | Peripheral vs. central (cones)
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| How many cones can sense one color? Approximate. | One cone sense one color
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| Where do rods and cones synapse? | On bi-polar cells
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| Where do bi-poler cells synapse? | ganelion cells (NOTE FIG. 7-27 and p.112)
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| What form the optic nerves? | Ganglion cell axons which lead to the brain
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| Where are retina recepotrs vs. ganglion? | Ganglion in front, but retina receptors in back
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| What impacts the light vs. dark cycle? | Hyptothalamus
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| Where do optic never fibers terminate? | In the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus
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| Where does the thamlus send fibers? | To the visual cortex
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| How many muscles control eye movement? | 6 skeletal muslces
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| How does the fovea centralis have a role in eye movement? | When snaning a visulal field for objects of interest, msucles keep the fixation point on the fovea centralis despite movement of other objects i nthe room
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| HEARING | HEARING
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| How is sound energy transmitted? | Via air pressure waves movement
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| What determines pitch/ | Frequency of sound waves
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| What determines loudness? | Amplitude of sound waves
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| What is the sound transmission sequence? | Sound waves enter from the external auditory canal and cause vibration of the tympanic membrane
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| What is the tympanic membrane? | Eardrum
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| What does the vibration of the tympanic membrane lead to? | Vibration of the three bones
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| What are the three bones and how are they shown? | They are the maleous, incus and stapes and they are shown as connected
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| What does the stapes vibrate against? | The oval window
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| What does the oval window vibration lead to? | vibration of the fluid inside of it, within the scala vestibula
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| What does the scala vestibula vibration cause? | Pressure waves to go down to the chochlea duct wall
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| And what does that vibration lead to? | Vibration of the basilar membrane
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| What is the purpose of the basilar membrane? | Each part of it vibrates well to one specific frequncy of sound wave
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| What does the fluid movement dictate? | which SINGLE part of the membrane will move; note that not all parts of the membrane will move
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| What does the vibration of the basilar membrane fluid lead to? | Hair cells ofthe organ of corti move in relation to the tectoral membrane
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| What does the hair cell movement on the sterocila lead to? | Release of neurotransmitters
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| What do those neurotransmitters do? | They activate receptors on the peripheral ends of the afferent nerve fibers
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| VESTIBULAR SYSTEM | VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
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| What is the vestibular system? | Body position
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| Where is the vestibular apparatus located and what does it consist of? | It is located in the temporal bone on each side of the head and consists of 3 semicircular ducts, a utricle and a saccule
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| What allows us to perceive that we are changing body position? | When hair cells get bent, we sense a change in position
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| What is the purpose of the semi-circular ducts? | They detect angular acceleration due to rotation of the head; so they sense head turning
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| What does this cause? | Bending of the stereocillia on their hair cells, which causes release of neurotransmitters
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| What is the ampula? | Bulge in semicircular duct
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| What is the capula? | Gelatinous mass that ensheaths the cilia
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| Where is it located? | In the ampula
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| When are the hair cells stimulated? | Only during a change in the RATE of rotation
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| What does the utricle and saccule contain? | Otoliths
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| What are the otoliths? | Rocks
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| Where are they located? | in the gelatonous substance
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| What do they move in response toi? | changes in LINEAR
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| What do they cause to happen when they move? | They stimulate teh cilia of the hair cells when they move
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| CHEMICAL SENESE | CHEMICAL SENSES
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| Where would you find most taste buds? | In mouth, especially the tongue
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| How many substances can taste buds detect? | many different ones
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| What is the general mechanism taste buds operate by? | They each have a different one
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| 1. Do we all have a specified number of tastebuds? | Nope
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| OLFACTORY RECEPTORS | OLFACTORY RECEPTORS
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| Where are olfactory receptors located? | In the mucosa of the upper nasal cavity
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| Where do they lead to? | Limbic system
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| What does this mean? | It means that smells trigger strong emotions
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Created by:
talkglitter2486