Sensory Systems
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| What generates APs? | Receptor binding via graded potentials
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| What are the two types of receptor types? | Specialized or sperate cells at end of afferent neurons that release chemical messengers
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| How can kinds of stimulus can a receptor respond to? | ONE
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| What is the doctrine of specific nerve energies? Give an example | Receptor stimulus always leads to one sensation; Light impinging on the eye and a poke in the eye are preceived the same way
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| What is the relationship between APs and stimulus? | Direct, as one increases, the other increases
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| What is adaptation? | Decreases in the APs despite maintenance of the stimulus at constant strength
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| What is a sensory unit? Its simple definition? | A single afferent neuron with all its receptor endings (neuron with area it covers)
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| What pathways are afferent neurons a part of? | Sensory pathways
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| What is the receptive filed of an afferent neuron? | The area that leads to the activity in that neuron when activated
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| ASCENDING PATHWAYS | ASCENDING PATHWAYS
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| What are the two types of ascending pathways/ | Specific and non-specific
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| What is specificity in afferent neurons? | Convey information to specific primary receiving areas iof the cortex about only a a signle type of stimulus
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| What are some examples of receptors? And what do they respond to? | Thermorecetpros, mechanoreceptors (which respond to pressure and motion)
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| What is the non-specific ascending pathway? | Conveys information from MORE than one type of sensory unit
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| Where is this information conveyed? | to the brainstem reticular formation and regions fo the thalamus
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| What is the descending pathway? | Gets info from brain to rest of body
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| What are corical association areas? What is their role in processing information? | Brain areas that lie outside the primary cortical sensory or motor areas but are connected to them. Their role in processing info is that they elaborate info from the primary cortical sensory areas.
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| What is the association cortex? | Input from areas of the brain serving arousal, attention, memory, language, and emotions; that's how we can ignore the TV when studying
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| What determines the type of stimulus perceived? | The type of receptor activated
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| What receptive fields change? | Yes
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| Which receptors become activated when I'm perceiving something cold? | all receptors in a sensory unit respond to the same stimulus?
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| What determines the intensity of a stimulus? | The rate of firing of individual sensory units and the number of sensory units activated
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| The perception of location depends on? | Size of field covered by a unitand the overlap of the nearby receptive field
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| What denotes stimulus duration? | Slowly adapting receptors
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| What are the majority of recepotrs adapting speeds? | Most are rapid
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| What does it mean to be slowly adapting? | they don't stop firing as quickly because they know the signal is still available
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| What are somatic sensations? | Feeling things from organs, skin. bones, tendons...
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| Via what pathway are somatic sensations conveyed? | Specific and nonspecific ascending pathways
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| How do the specific pathways get ot he somatosensory cortex? | They cross to the opposite side of the brain
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| What are somatic sensations? | Touch/pressure, posture and movement, temperature, and pain
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| What are the most sensitive parts of the boyd? | Fingers, thumb, and lips
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| What kinds of receptors make up viration touch and movement? | Rapid mechanoreceptors
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| What about pressure? | Slowly adapting mechanoreceptors
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| What is the relationship between the size of the receptive field and the spacial discrimination? | INDIRECT The smaller the field, the more sensing
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| What is the muscle spindle stretch receptor? | Major receptor responsible for the senses of posture and kiesthesia
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| What is kinesthesia: | Muscle sense of movement...etc.
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| What do temp receptors primary respond to? | CHANGES in temperature
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| Thus, what do cold receptors respond to vs. warm receptors? | Decreasing temperature vs. increasing temperatures
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| What happens to action potential strength frequency as stimulus strength increases? | AP frequency increases
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| What is the intesity of AP mediated by? | Rate of firing and number of units activated
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| What kind of response is associated with pain? | Tissue damage stimulates specific receptors that give rise to the sensation of pain and may induce emotional and reflex responses.
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| What controls the shape of the IRIS? | Parasympathetic and sympathetic muscles
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| What kinds of cones are there? What are they related to? | There are three cones; blue, green, and red and they are related to the wavelengths we can see
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