bio- misc from coursesaver notes
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| stem cells | produce lymphocytes by mitosis.
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| Glycine | is the only optically inactive amino acid, since it has no chiral carbons.
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| pKa | half-equivalence pH. Amino acid deprotonates @ higher pH & becomes protonated @ lower pH.
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| gout | uric acid crystals deposit in tissues (ex. big toe)
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| Diabetes insipidus | caused by insufficient vasopressin production
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| PKU disease | high amt. of the amino acid, phenylalanine, in blood; can cause mental retardation
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| Hashimoto’s disease | involves thyroid
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| Fatty acid and environment | In a warmer environment, the organism will want to increase its % ofunsaturated fatty acids, so that fatty acids will be more fluid and the melting point will decrease.
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| Prokaryotes lack ___________in their membranes, unlike eukaryotes. | cholesterol
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| hemizygous | only having one copy of a chromosome
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| Barr body | inactivated X chromosome
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| activity of sweat glands _______ as we age | decrease
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| as body temperature increases, blood vessels ____ | dilate
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| fertilization membrane | tough protective envelope developed by the sea urchin as a block to polyspermy
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| Arterioles offer the greatest _____ to blood flow in the circulation | resistance
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| If the phenotype “skips” generations be suspicious of an _______ disorder | autosomal recessive
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| - if there is no skip of phenotypes in generations, it is most likely an _______ disorder | autosomal dominant
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| -Be suspicious for an _______ disorder if a father doesn’t have the phenotype and none of his daughters display it. | X-linked recessive
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| Cephalopods | have high O*2 demand, giant nerve fibers, & a closed circulatory system
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| Sporazoans | division of Protozoan; diverse group of parasites (ex. plasmodium), cause malaria in humans
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| How many quarts of blood in an average sized adult | 5
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| In a typical antibody, the heavy and light chains are linked by _____bonds. | disulfide
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| Erythroblastosis fetalis | Rh- mother (no Rh antigen, makes Rh antibodies), Rh+ fetus
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| Founder effects and bottlenecks | occur when a population is originated or rebuilt from very few individuals = ex. of genetic drift, amt. of genetic variation is very limited.
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| Genetic/Population bottleneck | result of a disaster nearly wiping out a large population
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| Endocytosis | aka pinocytosis, uses ATP
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| plasmolysis | shrinkage of a cell due to water loss
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| Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny | refers to embryonic stages of development of an organism repeat the evolutionary history of the species
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| Streptococci | can be virulent, form chains
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| staphylococci | form clusters
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| Purple/green bacteria | in the anaerobic sediments of lakes/ponds, carry out photosynthesis with H2, H2S, or D as the electron donor, oxygen is not a byproduct.
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| pH of lysosome is ___, pH of cytosol is ___- | 5, 7--
Starch and glucose
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| Peptides | can only be linear.
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| Nerve gas | inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, and cause death respiratory paralysis
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| Tay Sachs disease | autosomal recessive disease; lipid buildup in brain cells from lysosomal enzyme defect
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| Cells of PCT & DCT | are very rich in mitochondria because of active transport.
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| Ammonia | waste product of aquatic animals; uric acid = birds, reptiles, & insects
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| Dynein | motor protein; used for movement in 9+2 flagella & cilia; may also be used in chromosomal movement
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| Cytoskeleton | microtubules (ex. flagella & cilia), microfilaments, intermediate filaments.
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| Myoglobin curve | hyperbolic, Hemoglobin curve = sigmoidal. Myoglobin has higher affinity for O2 than hemoglobin. Myoglobin has no change in O2 binding over a pH range.
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| Epidermis | has no blood supply, and depends on dermis for oxygen and nutrients.
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| Higher metabolic rate | higher oxygen demand = hemoglobin not as saturated with O2
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| Lower metabolic rate | lower O2demand = more saturated
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| A _____ includes crossover frequencies. | genetic map
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| homologues | homologous chromosomes and/or sister chromatids
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| ex. of autosomal recessive disorders | PKU disease, sickle-cell anemia, and galactosemia
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| parasite & host__________ mimic each other | population densities
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| decrease in telomere | causes aging
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| recombinant DNA | made when you modify plasmid DNA for use as a vector and inject specific DNA into a cell
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| Episome | chromosome integrated with plasma DNA
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| apoptosis | planned cell death (ex. diabetes)
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| Necrosis | traumatic cell death
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| protobionts | metabolically active protein clusters; precursor to the prokaryote
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| People with Down Syndrome are prone to | leukemia and Alzheimer’s disease.
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| ruminants | animals w/ stomachs of alkaline pH; usually 4 chambers capable of digesting cellulose
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