bio- classification from coursesaver notes
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| Kingdom Monera | (bacteria) – prokaryotes that reproduce Asexually; circular DNA (transcription and translation occur in same place at same time); cell wall made ofpeptidoglycan which contains D-alanine (animal AA have L-configuration**) ;
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| Gram-positive | in monera kingdom- have thick peptidoglycan;
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| Gram-negative | in monera kingdom- have thin peptidoglycan but have additional outer layer;
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| three mechanisms for acquiring new genetic material | transduction(use of lysogenic phage). Transformation, Conjugation (once cell copies DNA => transferred through bridge/ F+ is male)
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| Cyanobacteria | called blue-green algae (NOT same algae from protista); cell wall and have photosynthetic pigments; NO flagella, NO nucleus, NO mito
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| Bacteria, shapes | single loop of DNA; can be round (cocci), rods (bacilli), or spiral (spirilla)
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| Kingdom Protista | unicellular eukaryotes; membrane bound nucleus and organelles
‑Protozoa – rhizopods (amoebas) move w/ pseudopods; cilliophors move w/ cilia; ex. Paramecium, green algae, Volvox
‑Algae – photosynthetic; ex phytoplankton and euglena (move w/ flagellum)
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| Kingdom Fungi | heterotrophs; may be saprophytic or parasitic; ex yeast, lichen, mushrooms; reproduce sexually (haploid adults) or asexually (spore formation, budding, fragmentation)
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| hyphae | branching filament of fungi, most are divided by septa (perforated w/ holes large enough for organelles), collectively known as mycelium
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| Fungi Classes | zygomycetes (ex. bread mold), basidiomycetes (ex. mushrooms),ascomycetes (ex. sac fungi)
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| Kingdom Plantae | photosynthetic autotrophs; differentiation of tissues (photosynthetic, supportive, vascular, absorptive); alternation of generations (reproduction)
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| Division Bryophyta | simple plants; must live in moist places; gametophyte is dominant; sporophyte develops into archegonium; NO xylem
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| Mosses | division bryophyta primitive; gametophyte and sporophyte grow together
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| Liverworts | division bryophyta leaf-like plant; consists of lower part (rhizoids), middle part (food storage), upper part (photosynthetic)
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| Division Tracheophyta | vascular plants, radial symmetry; grow to great heights; sporophyte dominant
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| Psilophytes | division tracheophyta- most primitive; contain rhizoids instead of roots
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| Lycophyta | division tracheophyta -club mosses; roots, non-woody
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| Sphenophytes | division tracheophyta - horsetail; roots, hollow-jointed stems
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| Pterophyta | division tracheophyta -fern; evolved from psilopsids, many vascular bundles; sperm are flagellated; grow from rhizome; sporangium is under leaves
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| Division Coniferophyta | gymnosperms, megaspores and microspores; specialized cambium tissue allows for secondary growth; ex:Cycads, pines, spruce, firs – (most are evergreens /nondeciduous
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| gymnosperms | can grow in diameter as well as length
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| megaspores | large female cones
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| microspores | small male cones
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| Division Anthophyta | angiosperms; covered seeds; most abundant of all plants
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| Dicotyledons | net veined leaves
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| Monocotyledons | leaves w/ parallel veins
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| Kingdom Animalia | multicellular, motile, heterotrophic organisms w/ differentiated tissues; most have bilateral symmetry; all employ some form of locomotion
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| Porifera | sponges; two layers of cells; have pores; sessile
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| Cnidarians | jellyfish, coral, hydra; digestive sac sealed at one end; net nerves; two layers of cells (ectoderm/ endoderm); RADIALLY symmetrical
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| cnidoblasts | specialized cells located in the tentacles and bodywalls of coloenterates; interior of cnidoblasts filled with stinging cells (nematocysts)
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| Platyhelminthes | flat worm; bilaterally symmetrical; 3 layers of cells (solid mesoderm); NO circulatory system; nervous system consists of eyes, anterior brain ganglion & longitudinal nerve cords
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| Nematoda | round worms; long digestive tubes & anus; solid mesoderm; NO circulartory system; nerve cords and nerve ring
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| Annelida | earthworms; possess coelom (true body cavity – in mesoderm); well defined systems including nervous, circulatory, and excretory
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| Mollusca | clams; softbodied & posses mantles which secrete calcareous (calcium carbonate); breathe by gills; chambered hearts; nerve chords
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| Class Gastropoda | largest Molluscan class; ex. slugs & snails; characterized by single shell
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| Class Cephalopoda | octopus and squid
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| Arthropoda | insects, spiders, crustaceans (lobster); jointed appendages, chitinous exoskeleton, and open circulatory
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| Echinoderms | starfish; RADIALLY symmetrical; regeneration; evolutionary evidence suggesting a link b/w echinoderms and chordates
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| Chordates | notochord; lancelets & tunicates & amphoxius (not vertebrates because retain notochord)
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| Fish characteristics | possess 2 chambered heart; gills; external fertilization
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| Jawless fish | sucking mouth; retain notochord; primitive (Agnatha)
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| Cartilaginous fish | jaws and teeth; reduced notochord; ex shark (chondrichthys)
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| Bony fish | most prevalent; lack notochord; ex trout (Osteichthys)
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| Amphibia | tadpole; has lungs; 3 chambered heart; external fertilization; eggs are laid in water w/ jelly like secretion
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| Reptiles | lungs; internal fertilization; cold blooded
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| Birds | warm blooded; 4 chambered heart
- long Loop of Henle = concentrated urine = uric crystals
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| Mammals | warm blooded; feed offspring w/ milk from mammary glands
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