bio- excretion from coursesaver notes
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| Kidney | composed of one million nephrons; outer cortex, inner medulla, and renal pelvis
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| ureter | where urine leaves kidneys
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| Nephrons | composed of renal corpuscle and renal tubule; reabsorbs nutrients, salts, and water
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| Renal corpuscle | glomerulus (sieve) surrounded by Bowman’s capsule
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| Renal tubule | proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
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| Urine Formation | filtration, secretion, and reabsorption
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| Filtration | fluid that goes through glomerulus (afferent arteriole => glomerulus => efferent) to the rest of the nephron; passive process; driven by hydrostatic pressure of blood
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| particles that are too large to filter through glomerulus(blood and albumin) | remain in circulatory system
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| Secretion | substances such as acids, bases, and ions (K+) are secreted by both passive / active transport; secreted from peritubular capillaries
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| Reabsorption | glucose, salts, AA, and water are reabsorbed from filtrate & return to blood; takes place namely in PROXIMAL convoluted tubule (active)
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| Concentration | when dehydrated volume of fluid in bloodstream is low so you need to make small amounts of concentrated urine => ADH prevents water loss by making distal tubule permeable to water
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| when Blood Pressure is low => | aldosterone increases reabsorption of Na+ by distal nephron which increases water retention (serum [Na+] increases BP)
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| Selective permeability of the tubules establishes | osmolarity gradient in the surrounding interstitial fluid
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| Urine is hypertonic to the blood and contains | high urea and solute concentration.
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| Osmolarity Gradient | created by exiting / entering of solutes; increases from cortex to medulla
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| Counter Current Multiplier | descending loop permeable to water & ascending is permeable to salts / ions; this makes the medulla very salty and facilitates water reabsorption by small intestine
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| Bacteria in large intestine | main source of vitamin K
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