bio- neuroscience from coursesaver notes
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| Neuron | consists of several dendrites, single axon and cell body
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| Dendrites | receive information and transfer it TO CELL body
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| Axon | transfers impulses AWAY from cell body
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| Glial Cells | produce myelin
· Oligodendrocytes – produce myelin in CNS
· Schwann – produce myelin in PNS
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| At rest neuron | is polarized (-70 mV)
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| Concentration of K+ higher ____cell // Na+ higher ____cell | inside, outside
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| Threshold | level at which action potential is initiated (-50 mV)
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| Depolarization | voltage-gated Na+ channels open allowing Na+ to rush in
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| Repolarization | voltage-gated K+ channels open so K+ rush out; more negative potential; K+ channels are slow and stay open longer; once cell is repolarized, K+ leak channels open
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| Greater diameter & more heavily myelinated axons | will propagate faster impulses
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| After Synaptic vesicles fuse w/ presynaptic membrane | neurotransmitter fuses to postsynaptic membrane, Neurotransmitter may be taken back into nerve terminal, degraded by enzymes in synapse, or diffuse out of the synapse
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| Acetylcholine | primary neurotransmitter of parasympathetic NS; excitatory and inhibitory on muscles and glands
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| Norepinephrine | primary neurotransmitter of sympathetic NS
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| Afferent Neurons | carry SENSORY info about enviro TO brain (from A to B / Aff => brain)
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| Efferent Neurons | MOTOR commands from BRAIN to BODY
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| CNS | consists of the brain and spinal cord
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| Brain | grey matter (cell bodies) and inner white matter (axons); forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
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| Forebrain | contains cerebral cortex, olfactory bulb, thalamus ,hypothalamus
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| cerebral cortex | processes sensory input / imp for memory and creative thought
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| thalamus | relax for cerebral cortex / spinal cord)
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| hypothalamus | water balance, blood pressure, and temp regulation
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| Midbrain | visual/ auditory impulses; motor control
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| Hindbrain | posterior part of brain; cerebellum , pons , medulla
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| cerebellum | maintenance of balance, hand-eye coord, timing of rapid movements
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| pons | relay center to allow communication b/w cortex and cerebellum
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| Medulla | breathing, heart rate, gastrointestinal activity)
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| PNS | somatic and autonomic nervous systems
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| Somatic | responsible for VOLUNTARY movement
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| Autonomic | involuntary movement; innervates cardiac and smooth muscle
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| Sympathetic | fight or flight (higher BP and HR)
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| Parasympathetic | rest and digest (lower HR / increased gut motility)
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| cornea | focuses light
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| pupil | diameter controlled by iris (pigmented)
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| lens | controlled by cilliary muscles
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| Myopia | nearsightedness
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| Ear | outer, middle and inner ear; transduces sound energy into impulses
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| Outer ear | auricle and auditory canal
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| Middle ear | amplifies sound; tympanic membrane (eardrum) vibrates at same frequency as incoming sound => ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes)
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| Inner Ear | vestibular apparatus (equilibrium) and cochlea (vibration of ossicles ecert pressure on fluid stimulating hair cells in basilar membrane => action potential)
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