bio- reproduction from coursesaver notes
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| S phase | replicate genome (create chromatids)
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| G1 & G2 phase | gap - In G2 the cell prepares to divide. During G1, we see the production of mitochondria, ribosomes, and much protein synthesis.
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| Mitosis | 2N=>2N, occurs in all dividing cells; 10% of cell cycle- interphase, prophase,metaphase anaphase, telophase
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| Interphase | replication of genetic material resulting in sister chromatids
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| Prophase | chromosomes condense; spindles form
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| Metaphase | chromosomes align at plate
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| Anaphase | sister chromatids separate; shortest phase
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| Telophase | new nuclear membranes form (cleavage furrow forms); spindles disappear
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| sequence of complete cell cycle | S, G2, P, M, A, T, G1
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| Mitosis in Plants | lack centrioles and divide by cell plate not cleavage furrow
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| Meiosis | occurs in sex cells, homologous chromosomes pair at meta plate (tetrads), crossing over can occur, 2N=>N
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| First Meiotic Division | produces 2 daughter cells w/ N chromosomes w/ sister chrom
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| Prophase I | chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material (crossing over)
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| Metaphase I | tetrads align at plate (synapsis); each pair attaches to a separate spindle
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| Anaphase I | homologous pairs pulled to opposite poles (disjunction) / distribution to the two daughter cells is random w/ respect to parental origin
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| Telophase I | – nuclear membrane forms around each nucleus
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| number of functional gametes in females | Note that only one becomes functional gamete in females
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| chiasmata | X-shaped region b/w diff. chromatids of homologous chromosomes
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| kinetichore | specialized group of proteins and DNA on a chromatid to which several spindle microtubles are attached; found within the centromere of each chromosome
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| Synapsis | pairing of homologous of chromosomes during meiosis I
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| inversion | chromosomal segment turned 180o
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| Translocation | 2 nonhomologous chromosomes interchange genes (attachment of all or part of one chromosome to another)
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| exception to the universality of the genetic code | Mitochondria
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| Nondisjunction | failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during Meiosis I or sister chromatids to separate during Meiosis II; result in trisomy or monosomy; ex Down syndrome
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| Turner syndrome | sterile female lacking X chromosome
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| Klinefelter Syndrome | 44 autosomes + XXY
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| Asexual Reproduction | production of offspring w/o fertilization
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| Binary Fission | prokaryotes; DNA replicates, wall grows inward along midwall; ex paramecia, amoebae, algae, bacteria
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| Budding | develops as outgrowth, forms smaller cell; ex hydra & yeast
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| Regeneration | regrowth of lost body part; ex starfish and hydra
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| Parthenogenesis | unfertilized egg to adult egg; ex bees and ants
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| Gonads | male = testes, female = ovaries
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| Leydig cells | in the testes, secrete testosterone
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| Spermatogenesis | sperm production in seminiferous tubules; head = nucleus & tail = flagellum
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| acrosome | membrane-bound structure at the anterior end of sperm cells; containshyaluronidase (hydrolytic enzyme that causes the breakdown of protective surfaces of the egg)
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| prostatic fluid | helps neutralize the acidic vaginal secretions to enhance sperms’ ability to swim; also neutralizes seminal fluid (too acidic from metabolic waste of sperm)
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| Oogenesis | oocytes produced in ovaries
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| capacitation | functional maturation of the spermatozoa while in the female, allows for egg penetration
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| Male Reproductive path of sperm | SEVEnUP (seminiferous tub, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis)
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| Female Reproductive anatomy | fallopian tube opens to uterus (narrow end called cervix), cervix connects with vaginal canal
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| The Menstrual Cycle phases | divided into follicular, ovulation, luteal, menstruation
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| Follicular phase | FSH promotes development of follicle which secretes estrogen
Ovulation
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| Luteal phase | LH induces follicle to develop into corpus luteum which secretes estrogen and progesterone (LH and FSH inhibited)
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| Menstruation | If fertilized placenta produces (Human chorionic gonadotropin) hCG (estrogen + proges levels remain high) // If NOT fertilized, corpus luteum atrophies tocorpus albicans (drop in estrogen + prog) and menstrual flow begins
Estrogen – thicken endometrium
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| Progesterone | development and maintenance of endometrial wall
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| Gametophyte generation | haploid & produce haploid gametes thru mitosis; sexually reproduce; ex mosses
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| Sporophyte generation | diploid but produces haploid spore by meiosis; ex ferns and angiosperms
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| Angiosperms | flowering plants; flower is reproductive structure
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| Stamen | male organ; composed of stalk-like filament & sac-like anther (produces haploid spores that develop into pollen)
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| Pistil | female organ; composed of stigma (catches pollen), style, and ovary
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| Sepals | green leaves cover and protect flower bud during early development
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| Fertilization in plants | 1 sperm nucleus + 1 egg nucleus => zygote => embryo 1 sperm nucleus + 2 polar nuclei => 3n endosperm
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| Epicotyl | precursor of leaves
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| Cotyledons | seed leaves
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| Hypocotyl | develops into lower stem and root
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| Endosperm | feeds embryo
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| Seed Coat | develops from outer covering of ovule
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