bio- basis of life from coursesaver notes
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| Ingestion | acquisition of food
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| Assimilation | building of new tissues from digested food
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| Monosaccharide | (carb) single sugar subunit
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| Polysaccharide | carb) polymer, insoluble in water; ex: glycogen / cellulose
Lipids
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| Proteins | polymers of AA joined by peptide bond / 1* = AA sequence, 2* = folding (alpha beta)
· Hormones (ACTH & insulin), Enzymes, structural pro (collagen), transport (hemoglobin), antibodieS
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| Enzymes | lower activation E & inc. rate of rxn / do not affect overall E
· Higher temp = inc enzyme action / optimal pH = 7.2 (except pepsin & pancreas)
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| Competitive inhibitors | compete w/ substrate for binding at ACTIVE site; can be overcome by adding more substrate; Vmax not affected
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| Noncompetitive inhibitors | bind at allosteric site; diminishes Vmax
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| Prokaryotes | bacteria, cell wall, NO nucleus, NO memb-bound organelles, ribosomes (no mem), mesosomes (invaginations of membrane)
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| Eukaryotes | cell wall in fungi & plants, nucleus, membrane-bound organelles
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| Centrioles | microtubule involved in spindle organization during cell division/ NO membrane
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| Centromere | near middle of eukaryotic chromosomes where spindle fibers attach
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| Lysosome | membrane bound, involved in ingestion / hydrolytic enzymes
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| Mitochondria | exhibit maternal inheritance
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| desmosomes | “spot welds”; attach cells together and give cells mechanical strength (ex. skin cells)
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| Tight junctions | seal the spaces b/w cells and prevent cell leakage (ex. intestinal cells)
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| Gap junctions | allow cells to exchange nutrients and for molecular communication
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| Endosymbiotic Theory | mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as independent unicellular organisms living in symbiosis with larger cells
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| Fluid Mosaic | lipids and proteins are free to move back and forth fluidly; diffuse laterally
‑Integral Membrane are embedded in membrane by hydrophobic interactions
‑Peripheral are stuck to integral membrane proteins by H bonding
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| Cell surface Receptors | type of integral membrane protein; three types: ligand-gated (open ion channel), catalytic, and G-protein
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| G-Protein | use secondary messengers such as cAMP which amplify signal
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