how the cardiovaculary system works
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Arteries carry? |
oxygenated blood
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| Oxygen is abbreviated? |
O2
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| Arterioles refer to? |
small arteries
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| Veins carry? |
De-oxygenated blood
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| De-oxygenated blood contains? |
carbon dioxide
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| carbon dioxide is abbreviated? |
CO2
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| Venules refer to? |
small veins
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| Capillaries refer to? |
the smallest of the arteries and veins
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| Vasodilation refers to? |
increased diameter of the arteries
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| Vasoconstriction refers to? |
decreased diameter of the arteries
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| Vasodilation will cause? |
hypotension
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| Vasoconstriction will cause? |
hypertension
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| The body cavity where the heart is housed is called the? |
thoracic cavity
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| The region directly between the sternum and vertebrae is called? |
mediastinum
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| The pericardium refers to the? |
membranous sac around the heart
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| The epicardium refers to the? |
outer layer of the heart
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| The myocardium refers to the? |
muscle layer of the heart
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| The endocardium refers to the? |
inner layer of the heart
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| The chambers of the heart are separated by walls called the? |
septa
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| De-oxygenated blood (CO2) is returned to the heart via the? | venae cavae (superior and inferior)
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| The superior and inferior venae cavae are the? |
largest veins in the body
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| The venae cavae deliver the de-oxygenated (CO2) to the? |
right atrium
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| The right atrium is the? |
superior right chamber of the heart
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| The de-oxygenated blood (CO2)moves through the? |
tricuspid valve
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| The tricuspid valve allows de-oxygenated blood to enter the? |
right ventricle
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| The right ventricle is the? |
inferior right chamber of the heart.
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| The purpose of the tricuspid valve is to prevent the blood from? |
regurgitating
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| The sound caused by valvular regurgitation is called a? |
murmur (bruit)
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| The right ventricle pumps the de-oxygenated blood (CO2) through the? |
pulmonary trunk
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| The valve at the entrance of the pulmonary trunk is the? |
pulmonary semi-lunar valve
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| The de-oxygenated blood (CO2) then enters the? |
the right and left pulmonary arteries
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| The pulmonary arteries carry the de-oxygenated blood (CO2) to the? |
lungs
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| The lungs are where ---- takes place? |
respiration
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| Respiration is the? | exchange of gases
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| The gases that are exchanged are? |
oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
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| The oxygenated blood (O2) returns from the lungs through the? |
pulmonary veins
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| The pulmonary veins deliver the oxygenated blood (O2) to the? |
left atrium
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| The left atrium is the? |
superior left chamber of the heart
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| The oxygenated blood (O2) then moves through the? |
bicuspid valve (AKA) mitral valve
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| The bicuspid (mitral) valve allows the oxygenated blood (O2) enter the? |
left ventricle
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| The left ventricle is the? |
inferior left chamber of the heart
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| The purpose of the bicuspid (mitral) valve is to prevent blood from? |
regurgitating
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| The sound caused by the regurgitating is called a? |
murmur (bruit)
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| The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood (O2) through the? |
aortic semi-lunar valve
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| the aortic semi-lunar valve allows the oxygenated blood (O2) to enter the? | 1. Ascending aorta
2. Aortic arch
3. Descending thoracic aorta
4. Abdominal aorta
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| The aorta branches off into arteries, arterioles,and capillaries that will distribute the oxygen (O2) to the? |
tissues of the body
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| Strands of tendon that anchor the cusps of the bicuspid (mitral) and tricuspid valves preventing prolapse are called? |
chordae tendineae
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| The carotid arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the? |
brain
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| The coronary arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the? |
heart muscle
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| The subclavian arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the? |
arms and superior thorax
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| The mesenteric arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the? |
intestines
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| The phrenic arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the? |
diaphragm
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| The diaphragm is the? |
main muscle of ventilation
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| The abdominal aorta bifurcates into the? |
iliac arteries
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| The iliac arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the? |
pelvis and thighs
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| The femoral arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the? |
legs
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| Other capillaries, venules, and veins will return the de-oxygenated blood (CO2) to the? |
venae cavae and the circuit is complete
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| The jugulars drain de-oxygenated blood from the? |
Head
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| The saphenous veins drain de-oxygenated blood from the? |
legs
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| The saphenous veins are commonly used for? |
coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG)
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| Another vessel used for CABG is the? |
mammary artery.
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| a heart-lung machine does what? |
a machine that respirates the blood when the heart is stopped for surgical procedures.
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| C-reactive protein (CRP)? |
inflammatory indicator and powerful risk factor for heart disease
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| CPK (CK) + LDH (LD) means? |
enzymes (chemicals) in the blood that indicate muscle damage
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| CPK-MB ("isoenzymes" or "isos") means? |
very specific enzymes in the blood that indicate cardiac damage
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| The azygos veins drains de-oxygenated blood from the? |
thorax
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| The median cubital (anticubital) veins are commonly used to perform? |
phlebotomy (venipuncture)
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| The human heart is the muscle intended to pump blood to the? |
entire body
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| The two distinct components that make up this process are? | 1. The electrical impulse that stimulates the heart to beat.
2. The mechanical beating of the heart in response to the electrical stimulation, resulting in the pumping for the blood.
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| An abnormal heart rhythm is called an? |
arrhythmia AKA dysrhythmia
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| Blood is necessary to? | Transport nutrients and water for the digestive tract to all the cells of the body.
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| These nutrients include? | a. vitamins and minerals which are used for chemical process and reactions.
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| Carbohydrate which are used for? |
energy
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| Proteins which are used for? |
growth and repair.
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| Fats are used for? |
vitamin absorption and cellular wall creation.
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| 2. Transports waste products for the body's cells to the? | lungs,sweat glands, and kidney for excretion.
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| 3. Transports hormones from the endocrine glands to target cells and organs in the? |
body
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| 4. Transports enzymes to body cells in order to? | regulate chemical processes and reactions.
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| 5.Dissipates excess body heat through? | dilated blood vessels in the skin
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| 6.Transports leukocytes and antibodies to defend the body against? |
pathogens
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| 7. Helps regulate body pH by? | transporting buffers and amino acids
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| Normal blood pH is? | 7.35-7.45
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| Blood pH below 7.35 is considered? | acidotic (acidosis)
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| Blood pH above 7.45 is considered? | alkalitic (alkaline, alkalosis, or basic).
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| An average woman has approximately? | 5 liters of blood
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| An average male has approximately? | 6 liters of blood
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| Whole blood (WB) is made up of: | 1.erythrocytes (red blood cells)
2.leukocytes (white blood cells)
3. thrombocytes (clot cells or platelets.
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| Erythrocytes are responsible for? | respiration
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| Respiration is the? | exchange of gases
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| The gases that are exchanged are? | oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
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| Erythrocytes appear as biconcave disks with edges that are? | thicker than the center of the cell (cream savers)
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| Erythrocytes do not have nuclei so they do not have the ability to? |
divide (replicate) can not duplicate
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| Erythropoiesis means |
the formation of the erythrocytes.
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| Erythropoiesis occurs in the? | red bone marrow AKA myeloid tissue
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| A normal erythrocyte count is? | 4-6 million/mm3
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| Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the? | kidneys
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| Erythropoietin is necessary for? | erythrocyte development.
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| Erythrocytes live for approximately? | 120 days
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| Erythrocytes die at a rate of? | 2,000,000/second
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| Hemolysis means? | the break up or destruction of blood (RBCs)
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| Bilirubin is? | dead,broken up erythrocytes
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| Hyperbilirubinemia means? | a blood condition of excessive bilirubin.
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| Hyperbilirubinemia causes? | jaundice or icterus.
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| Jaundice (icterus) is a? | yellowish, orange discoloration to the skin or sclera.
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| Hyperbilirubinemia can be caused by? | liver, gall bladder, or pancreatic dysfunction.
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| The blood protein found inside RBCs that is necessary for RBCs to carry O2 and CO2 is called? | hemoglobin
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| A normal hemoglobin range is? | 12-17g/dL
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| The element necessary for healthy hemoglobin is called? | iron (Fe)
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| Foods rich in iron (Fe) include? | red meat and dark green leafy vegetables.
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| Hematocrit ("crit"0 is the measure of the? | packed cell volume (PCV)
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| PCV is the percentage of? | blood attributed to erythrocytes (RBCs)
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| H+H stands for? | hemoglobin (Hgh) and hematocrit (Hct of ("crit")
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| MCH stands for? |
mean cell hemoglobin
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| MCHC stands for? |
mean cell hemoglobin concentration
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| Anemia refers to? |
erythrocytopenia and/or a deficiency of hemoglobins.
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| Erythrocytopenia is a? |
deficiency of erythrocytes (RBCs)
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| Leukocytes are part of your? |
immune response against foreign proteins.
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| Foreign proteins are called? |
antigens
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| A normal leukocyte count is? |
5000-11,000mm3
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| Leukocytosis is an? |
elevated leukocyte count (WBC)
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| Infection can cause a leukocytosis of? |
20,000mm3
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| Leukopoiesis means? |
the formation of leukocytes (WBCs)
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| Leukopoiesis occurs in the? |
red bone marrow
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| 1 Monocytes are? |
phagocytes
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| Phagocytes are? |
eating cells (PAC-MEN)
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| Phagocytes consume? |
antigens
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| Neutrophils are? |
phagocytes
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| basophils release? |
histamine and heparin.
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| Histamine triggers the? |
inflammatory response
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| Heparin prevents? |
clotting and promotes blood flow
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| Eosinophils lessen allergic reactions and increase in number in the event of? |
a parasitical worm infestation (helminths).
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| Lymphocytes help produce? |
antibodies
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| Antibodies are necessary to defeat? |
viral infections
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| Leukocytopenia means? |
a deficiency of white cells
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| Leukemia refers to a? |
blood condition of extreme leukocytosis or immature leukocytes (WBCs)
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| Thrombocytes (platelets) are needed for? |
proper coagulation.
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| A normal thrombocyte count is? |
150,000-300,000mm3
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| Thrombocytes (platelets) are produced at a rate of? |
200,000,000/day
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| Thrombopoiesis occurs in the? |
red bone marrow.
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| Hemophilia is a genetic coagulopathy caused by a deficiency of a? |
clotting factor
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| Thrombus - thrombi are? |
clot(s)
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| Embolus- emboli are a? |
floating clots
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| Thrombolysis or thrombolytic means? |
the break up or destruction of clots
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| Anticoagulant means? |
against coagulation (clotting)
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| Thrombocytopenia means? |
a deficiency of platelets (clot cells)
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| Thrombocytosis means? |
a abnormal condition of excessive platelets.
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| A bleeding time is a? |
test to determine a person's ability to coagulate?
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| INR (international normalization ratio) is a? |
test to determine a person's ability to coagulate.
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| Coagulation panel (profile) consists of? |
INR, prothrombin, (PT), platelet count,and bleeding time.
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| DIC stands for? |
disseminated intravascular coagulopathy.
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| DIC causes the coagulation process to? |
collapse, followed by hypovolemic shock (exsanguination) and death
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| Plasma is the? |
liquid portion of the blood
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| Plasma is made up of? |
water, plasma proteins, salts, gases, nutrients, nitrogenous wastes,hormones, vitamins, and minerals
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| Plasma makes up approximately? |
55% of the blood volume
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| The cells and other elements make up? |
45% of the blood volume
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| A plasma protein necessary for proper fluid balance is? |
albumin
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| Two plasma proteins that play a vital role in coagulation are? |
fibrinogen and prothrombin (PT)
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| Proper prothrombin production requires adequate amounts of? |
vitamin K
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| Foods rich in vitamin K include? |
green leafy vegetables
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| Serum is? |
plasma without fibrinogen or prothrombin (PT)
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| Plasmapheresis refers to the? |
separation of the plasma from the blood cells
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| FFP stands for? |
fresh frozen plasma
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| Cryoprecipitates refers to? |
FFP (fresh frozen plasma) with clotting factors.
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| FFP (fresh frozen plasma) can be stored? |
indefinitely
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| A bone marrow biopsy (Bx)is a? |
test commonly used to determine cancers of the blood.
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| Myelogenic means? |
pertaining to created by the bone marrow.
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| Hematocytopenia means? |
a deficiency of blood cells
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| Hematoma refers to a? |
mass of blood
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| Dyscrasia refers to? |
any blood abnormality
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| Morphology means? |
the study of shapes
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| Hypercholesterolemia is a? |
blood condition of excessive cholesterol
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| Hematologist is a? |
specialist in the study of blood.
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| Hemostasis (hemostatic) means? |
the stoppage or controlling of bleeding.
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| A complete blood count (CBC) is a count of the numbers of? | 1. Erythrocytes (RBCs)
2. Leukocytes (WBCs)
3. Thrombocytes (platelets)
4. Hemoglobin (Hgh) and hematocrit (Hct)
5. ESR or "sed rate" (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
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| An elevated ESR includes? |
inflammation
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| A differential ("diff") is an? |
individual count of the five different types of leukocytes.
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| The four blood types are? |
A, B, AB and O
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| Each blood type has a + or - called an? |
Rh factor
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| The universal donor is type? |
O+
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| The universal recipient is type? |
AB+
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| A negative Rh blood type can be given ? |
to a positive RH blood type
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| A positive Rh CANNOT be given to a? |
negative Rh blood type
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| Blood is transfused in? |
Units (U)
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| Donated blood has a refrigerated shelf life of? |
42 days
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| Type and cross-match (screen) (T+CM) means? |
determining blood type and compatibility with other blood types
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| PRBCs stands for? |
packed red blood cells
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| A lipid profile (panel) includes? | 1. Total cholesterol should be <200mg/DL
2.HDL(high density lipoproteins ("good cholesterol") should be >60mg/dL
3.Triglycerides should be <200mg/dL
4.LDL(low density lipoproteins)should be <100mg/dL
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Created by:
Penny S
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