Introduction to Statistics
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| Where did it come from? | Source
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| A collection of observations. (Measurements,counts,survey) | Data
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| Planning studies, obtaining data, organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing,interpreting ,drawing conclusions. | Statistics
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| The complete collection of all individuals to be studied. | Population
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| A subset of a population. | Sample
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| A collection of data from all members of a population (Continuous study) | Census
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| What is it? | Context
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| How was it collected? | Sampling method
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| Any measure if an entire population. | Parameter
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| Any measure of a sample. | Statistic
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| Measurement, Count | Quantitative
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| Label | Qualitative
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| Continuous-measurements Discrete-Counts | Quantitative
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| Neither | Qualitative
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| Nominal, Ordinal | Qualitative
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| Interval, Ratio | Quantitative
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| No order | Nominal
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| Natural order | Ordinal
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| Differences meaningful, ratios not | Interval
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| Differences and ratios are meaningful | Ratio
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| The respondents themselves decide whether to be included. | Voluntary response sample
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| When subjects are asked for information and they give you their desired information, but not exact information. It's better if you did it yourself. | Reported Results
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| Conclusions should not be based on samples that are too small. It's not representing as a whole. | Small Sample
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| Not worded carefully, worded to elicit a desired response. | Worded, Loaded question
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| 100% of some quantity is not ALL of it, exceeding it is often not justified. | Percentages
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| No treatment, observe a sample for characteristics. | Observational
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| Treatment & observe its effects | Experimental
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| People who don't report | Missing Data
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| Someone either refuses to respond to a survey question or is unavailable. | Nonresponse
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| Some parties with interests to promote will sponsor studies. | Self-Interest Study
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| Percentage of | Take the percent divide it by 100 and multiply by "of" that number
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| Fraction to percentage | Divide top into bottom
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| Decimal to percentage | Multiply by 100
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| Percentage to decimal | Divide decimal by 100
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| "N" subjects is selected in such a way that every possible sample of the same size n has the same chance of being chosen. | Simple random sample
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| selected in such a way that each individual member in the population has an equal chance of being selected. | Random sample
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| We select some starting point and then select every kTH element in the population. | Systematic sampling
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| Subdivide the population into at least two different subgroups so that subjects with the same subgroups share same characteristics, then draw a sample from each subgroup | Stratified sampling
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| Divide the population area into sections, then randomly select some of those clusters, and then choose all the members from those selected clusters. | Cluster sampling
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| Data are observed, measured,& collected at one point in time. | Cross-sectional study
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| Data are collected from the past by going back in time. | Retrospective
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| Data are collected in the future from groups sharing common factors. | Prospective
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| Subjects are assigned to different groups through a process of random selection. Try to find a randomized way of choosing your sample. | Randomization
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| subjects doesn't know whether he or she is receiving a treatment or a placebo. | Blinding
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| Untreated, Unaffected. | Placebo
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| Subjects didn't know and doctors didn't know either. | Double blinding
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| when you are not able to distinguish among the effects of different factors. Usually unwanted. | Confounding
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| Difference between a sample result and the true population result; such an error results from chance sample fluctuations. | Sampling error
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| When the sample data are incorrectly collected, recorded or analyzed. | Nonsampling error
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Created by:
BrindelHolmes
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