Medical Terminology Blood, Lymph & Immune Systems WGU
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| homeostasis | metabolic equilibrium
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| hematology | study of blood
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| immunology | how our bodies fight off infection
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| hematic | pertaining to blood
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| lymphatic | returns fluid to cardiovascular system, detects, filters, and eliminates disease causing organisms.
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| hematopoiesis | the formation of blood cells in the living body (especially in the bone marrow)
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| stem cell | unspecialized cell that can develop into a specialized cell under the right conditions
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| plasma | colorless watery fluid of blood and lymph containing no cells and in which erythrocytes and leukocytes and platelets are suspended
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| erythrocytes | red blood cells
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| leukocytes | white blood cells, or WBC, form in the bone marrow and are part of the body's nonspecific defenses and the immune system
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| thrombocytes | platelets, blood-clotting cell fragments
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| bone marrow | a soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells
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| erythropoietin | a glycoprotein secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells
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| hemosiderin | insoluble ferritin degradation product visible with Prussian blue stain
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| morphology | the branch of biology that deals with the structure of animals and plants
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| granulocytes | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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| polymorphonucleocytes | neutrophil
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| eosinophils | white blood cell that are responsible for combating infection by parasites in vertebrates, white blood cell that are responsible for combating infection by parasites in vertebrates
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| neutrophils | A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.
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| phagocytes | cells that ingest antigens
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| basophils | Blood cells that enter damaged tissues and enhance the inflammation process and contain histamine and heparin
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| anticoagulant | a drug that prevents clotting of the blood
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| agranulocytes | a group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei
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| monocytes | an agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage
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| macrophages | Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.
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| lymphocytes | Make antibodies to destroy foreign pathogens
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| antigens | foreign substances that trigger the attack of antibodies in the immune response.
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| antibodies | Protein that is produced by lymphocytes and that attaches to a specific antigen.
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| coagulation | blood clotting
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| agglutinate | clump together
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| prothrombin | a protein in blood plasma that is the inactive precursor of thrombin
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| thrombin | an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen in blood causing it to clot
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| fibrinogen | Plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process
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| fibrin | Protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot
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| hemostasis | stoppage of bleeding
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| serum | watery fluid of the blood that resembles plasma but contains fibrinogen
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| antigens | foreign substances that trigger the attack of antibodies in the immune response.
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| antibodies | Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents
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| agglutinogens | Antigens formed on the surface of red blood cells, whose presence and structure are genetically determined.
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| universal recipient | blood group AB; no natural blood group antibodies in serum
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| Rh factor | the presence, or lack, of antigens on the surface of red blood cells that may cause a reaction between the blood of the mother and fetus, resulting in fetal anemia
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| HDN | hemolytic disease of the newborn
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| lymph | the clear fluid that bathes each cell and transfers needed substances and wastes back and forth between the blood and the cells
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| lymph vessels | vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes
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| lymph nodes | Bean-shaped filters that cluster along the lymphatic vessels of the body. They function as a cleanser of lymph as wells as a site of T and B cell activation
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| macrophages | Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.
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| lymph glands | Another name for lymph nodes; small organs composed of lymphatic tissue located along the route of the lymphatic vessels; remove impurities from the lymph and manufacture lymphocytes and antibodies.
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| thoracic duct | receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities
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| spleen | Produces blood cells, destroys damaged blood cells, stores blood cells
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| thymus gland | An endocrine gland located in the upper mediastinum that assists the body with the immune function and the development of antibodies. As part of the immune response it secretes a hormone, thymosin, that changes lymphocytes to T cells.
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| tonsils | oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called palatine
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| appendix | a vestigial process that extends from the lower end of the cecum and that resembles a small pouch
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| cytokines | chemicals released by the immune system that attack infections and communicate with the brain to elicit anti-illness behaviors
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| lymphokines | which are produced by the T cells, direct the antigen-antibody response by signaling between the cells of the immune system
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| monokines | cytokines primarily produced by monocytes and macrophages
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| interleukins | proteins that stimulate the growth of B or T lymphocytes and activate specific components of the immune response
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| non specific immunity | defenses that stop the invasion of pathogens; requires no previous encounter with a pathogen
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| specific immunity | the third line of defense. the body's way of fighting off specific things that invade your body
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| acquired immunity | Formation of antibodies and lymphocytes after exposure to an antigen
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| natural immunity | immunity to disease that occurs as part of an individual's natural biologic makeup
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| phagocytosis | process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell
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| pyrexia | fever
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| inflammation | a response of body tissues to injury or irritation
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| interferons | Antiviral proteins secreted by T cells
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| natural killer cells | A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity.
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| immunoglobulins | Bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response
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| humoral immunity | specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids
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| cell-mediated immunity | immunity against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells
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| active immunity | a form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens
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| passive immunity | short-term immunity caused when antibodies produced by other animals for a pathogen are injected into the body
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| dyscrasia | an abnormal or physiologically unbalanced state of the body
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| anemia | a deficiency of red blood cells
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| acute posthemorrhagic anemia | RBC deficiency caused by blood loss
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| B12 Deficiency | -Pernicious anemia: macrocytic anemia, muscle weakness, neurological distrurbances
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| -neither B12 or Folate will clear up macrocytic but if B12 deficient this can be potentially very dangerous |
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| -vegans takes long time |
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| chronic blood loss | depletes iron stores, leading to decreased erthropoiesis
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| folate deficiency | MCC of increased serum homocysteine
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| hypovolemia | a blood disorder consisting of a decrease in the volume of circulating blood
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| sideropenia | deficiency of iron
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| pernicious anemia | lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body
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| aplastic anemia | a condition where bone marrow does not produce sufficient new cells to replenish blood cells.
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| hemolytic anemia | anemia resulting from destruction of erythrocytes
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| autoimmune acquired hemolytic anemia | anemia caused by the body's destruction of its own RBCs by serum antibodies
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| nonautoimmune acquired hemolytic anemia | anemia that may be drug induced or caused by an infectious disease
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| sickle cell anemia | a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape
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| thalassemias | Genetic defect results in reduced rate of synthesis of one of the globin chains as well as increased RBC destruction
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| (hemolysis) resulting in decreased survival rate. |
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| pancytopenia | an abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood
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| hemophilia | is a bleeding disorder that slows the blood clotting process
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| polycythemia vera | chronic increase in the number of RBC's and the concentration of hemoglobin.
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| purpura | any of several blood diseases causing subcutaneous bleeding
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| thrombocytopenia | a blood disease characterized by an abnormally small number of platelets in the blood
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| leukosytosis | abnormal increase of white blood cells
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| leukopenia | an abnormal lowering of the white blood cell count
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| neutropenia | leukopenia in which the decrease is primarily in number of neutrophils (the chief phagocytic leukocyte)
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| edema | swelling from excessive accumulation of serous fluid in tissue
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| hypersplenism | splenomegaly; peripheral blood cytopenias; portal hypertension MCC
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| lymphadenitis | Infection of the lymph nodes
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| lymphadenopathy | chronic abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes (usually associated with disease)
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| lymphedema | swelling (usually in the legs) caused by lymph accumulating in the tissues
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| lymphocytopenia | an abnormally small number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood
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| lymphocytosis | an abnormal increase in the number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood
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| mononucleosis | a condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood, along with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, and sore throat (pharyngitis)
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| AIDS | a serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles
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| allergy | overly strong reaction of the immune system to a foreign substance
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| anaphylaxis | a severe response to an allergen in which the symptoms develop quickly, and without help, the patient can die within a few minutes.
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| delayed allergy | an allergic reaction that becomes apparent only hours after contact
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| immediate allergy | an allergic reaction that becomes apparent in a sensitized person only minutes after contact
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| autoimmune disease | any of a large group of diseases characterized by abnormal functioning of the immune system that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against your own tissues
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| thymoma | tumor of the thymus gland
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| ALL | acute lymphocytic leukemia characterized by proliferation of immature lymphoblast-like cells in bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and blood
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| AML | acute myelogenous leukemia
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| CLL | chronic lymphocytic leukemia
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| CML | chronic myelogenous leukemia
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| Hodgkin lymphoma | distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells
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| multiple myeloma | myeloma that develops in several places at the same time
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| non-Hodgkin lymphoma | the term used to describe all lymphomas other than Hodgkin's lymphoma
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| malignant thymoma | rare cancer of the thymus gland
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| lymphadenography | radiographic examination of lymph nodes after injection of a contrast medium
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| lymphangiography | roentgenographic examination of lymph nodes and lymph vessels after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium
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| splenic arteriography | radiographic visualization of the spleen with the use of a contrast medium
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| ELISA | enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
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| Western Blot | blood test used to check for antibodies for HIV and to confirm an ELISA test
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| BMP | basic metabolic panel
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| CBC | counting the number of white and red blood cells and the number of platelets in 1 cubic millimeter of blood
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| CMP | complete metabolic panel
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| Coombs antiglobulin test | blood test to diagnose hemolytic disease of the newborn acquired hemolytic anemia or a transfusion reaction
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| diff count | measure of the numbers of the different types of WBCs
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| ESR | erythrocyte sedimentation rate
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| Hct | hematocrit
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| PCV | Packed cell volume (hematocrit)
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| Hgb | hemoglobin
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| Hb | hemoglobin
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| MCH | mean corpuscular hemoglobin
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| MCHC | mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
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| Monospot | test for infectious mononucleosis
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| PTT | partial thromboplastin time
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| PT | prothrombin time
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| Schilling Test | determine whether the problem with low blood B12 is related to intrinsic factor insufficiency by administering tracer-labeled vit B12 and measure urinary excretion overy various times
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| WBC | white blood cell
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| apheresis | a procedure in which blood is drawn and separated into its components by dialysis
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| BMT | basic metabolic panel
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| autologous | originating within an individual
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| adenoidectomy | excision of the adenoids
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| lymphadenectomy | removal of a lymph node
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| splenectomy | surgical removal of the spleen
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