Part 15 Mitosis
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| how do prokaryotic cells divide? | asexually
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| binary fission | the cell divides into 2 cell
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| why is cell division in eukaryotes more complext than in prokaryotes? | because eukaryotic contain more DNA; eurkaryotic DNA is packaged differently.
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| can eurkaryotes divide asexually? | yes.
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| name the phases of interphase | G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase.
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| G1 phase | primary growth phase
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| S phase | DNA replication
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| G2 phase | microtubule synthesis
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| M phase (Mitosis) | chromosomes pull apart
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| C phase (Cytokinesis) | cytoplasm divides
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| diploid cells | have homologous chromosomes (aka homologs)
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| homologous chromosomes (homologs) | 2 similar chromosomes
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| have many chromosomes does human have? how many homologs? | 46 chromosomes and 23 pairs of homologs
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| histones | positively charged proteins that DNA wraps around
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| what do nucleosome (bead) consist of? | 200 nucleotides of DNA and histones
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| chromatin | coiled DNA
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| name an emergent property of DNA | the strands of the double helix are complementary (A-T, C-G) so an exact copy of DNA can be made
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| mitosis mades identical (blank) 2n cells | diploid
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| meiosis makes (blank) 1n gametes | haploid
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| mitosis occurs where? | in somatic (non reproductive) cell
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| where do meiosis occur? | in germ (reproductive) cells; results in the production of gametes
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| what is mitosis reproduction use for? | developmet; growth and cell replacement; asexual reproduction
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| What are the phases in M phase? | prophase; metaphase; anaphase; telophase
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| C phase (cytokenesis) | cytoplasm divides
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| cleavage furrow | pinches the cell in two
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| cell plate | divide the cell
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| how many cell division can human cells undergo? | about 50
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| which cells can divide endlessly? | cancer cells and stem cells
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| G1 checkpoint | cell growth is assessed
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| G2 checkpoint | DNA replication is assessed
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| M checkpoint | mitosis is assessed
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| G0 | extended rest period
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| name the 2 classes of growth-regulating genes | proto-oncogenes and tumor-supressor genes
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| proto-oncogenes | encode proteins that simulate cell division
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| tumor-suppressor genes | encode proteins that inhibit cell division
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| p53 protein | monitors the integrity of DNA; if DNA is damaged, the protein halts cell division and simulates repair enzymes; tells cells to destroy themselves if damaged beyond repair.
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| What if p53 is mutated? | cancerous cells repeatedly divide, no stopping at the G1 checkpoint
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