History of Medicine
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| Mesopotamia | Sumeria, Babylon, and Hammurabi
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| Sumeria | Cuneiform tablets
-outline therapies
-treatise of Medical diagnosis and prognosis
-3,000 entries on 40 clay tablets
*3000 BCE*
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| Babylon and Hammurabi Code of Hammurabi | -282 laws governing medical practice
-Medical regulated fees
-Malpractice penalties
-Physicians = priestly and more protected
*1728-1686 BCE*
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| Egypt | -Magical (Spiritual) treatments
-Had Shamen
-Imhotep
-Papyri
*3000 BCE*
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| Imhotep | -Ancestor of modern physicians
-Healer, high priest, astrologer and architect
-designed first pyramid tomb
*2700 BCE*
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| Georg Ebers papyrus | -most important papyrus
-oldest surviving medical text
-many diseases, drugs, and formulae
*1550 BCE*
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| Ancient Greece | Mycenean period = 1500-1100 BCE
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| Homer's Iliad | describes battle wounds and treatment in Trojan war
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| Asclepius | -Ancient Greek
-Son of Apollo
-Heroic warrior and blameless physician
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| Many diseases known by Greeks | -epilepsy aka "scared disease"
-anenorhea
-puerperal fever
-dysentery
-malaria
-TB
-varicella
-diptheria
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| Athenian Plague | -fever, thirst, and painful skin rash
-killed thousands
-cost Athens the war against Sparta
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| Many Practitioner Classes | -no rules
-iatroi= part time healers
-exorcists, fold healers, root cutters
-priest healers
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| Asclepiads | -families claiming ancestry of Asclepius
-Hippocrates
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| Asclepions | -temples of healing
-epidouros= most celebrates
-cos= birthplace of Hippocrates
-priest healing
-abatons= private areas
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| Empedocles | postlated "Hippocratic" elements (earth, air, fire, water)
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| Pythagoras of Samos | -may be real founder of Hippocratic oath
-balance of contraries
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| Alcmaeon of Croton | -first human dissection
-described optic nerve
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| Hippocrates | -father of medicine
-Corpus Hippocraticum= medicine is science, art, profession
-primum non nocere= First do no harm
*460-390 BCE*
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| Corpus Hippocraticum | -60-70 essays
-observation, not theory
-foundation of western medicine
-rejects idea that gods caused disease
-emphasize patients
-based on externals, not internal disease
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| Hippocratic Medicine | -patient oriented
-favored regimen, not drugs
-prognosis
-natural healing power
-sometimes doing nothing is best for patient
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| 4 Humors of Hippocratic Theory | -Yellow Bile= vomiting and summer dysentery
-Phlegm= winter colds
-Blood=Life
=more plentiful in spring
= removing excess
-Black Bile= form of yellow
= dried blood?
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| Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt | -center of education
-library and museum were centers of learning about millennium
-attracted scholars, philosophers and pupils
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| Herophilus of Chalcedon | -greek founder of Alexandrian medical school
-dissected human cadavers, describing and naming the internal organs
-disected and studied brain and nerves
-arteries contain blood
-first to systematically study the pulse
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| Erasistratus of Chios | -Greek founder of Alexandrian medical school
-believed body was a machine
-described valves of the heart
-heart functioned as a pump, not the center of sensations
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| Hellenistic Medicine | When alexander died, Hellenes (generals) divided world into various kingdoms
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| Archagathus | First physician to practice in Rome
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| Asclepiades of Prusias-on-Sea | -First notable Roman physician
-Hippocratic practitioner
-influenced 3 centuries of Roman medicine
-attended high ranking Romans
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| Social aspects of Roman medicine | -wealthy, slaves, and soldiers were most likely to receive treatment
-male and female physicians practiced (many were slaves)
-hospitals didn't exist
-religious centers for healing (asclipions) existed throughout empire
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| Aretaeus of Cappadocia | described many diseases- diabetes, epilepsy, tetanus and mental disorders
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| Soranus in Ephesus | -medical methodist
-wrote Gynaecology
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| Rufus of Ephesus | -Hippocratic practitioner
-60 writings and case histories preserved
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| Galen of Pergamum | -most influential of "ancients"
-central figure of traditional Western medicine
-HUGE volume of medical writings
-Art of medicine to science
-Got many interpretations in relation to anatomy and physiology wrong
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| Galen of Pergamum | -Therapeutics had much in common with greeks
-rejected magical/spiritual care
-mind and body link (especially stress syndromes)
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