NWCC TEST MASH HIST 2 Test 2
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| Which of the following is expected with an abnormally high level of insulin? A. Dehydration B. Lethary or stupor c. Increased blood sugar D. Decreased Blood sugar E. Glucosuria F. Tremors or sweating | B, D, F
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| Renin is secreted by A.______ cells located primarily in the B. _____ | A. Juxtaglomerular B. wall of the afferent arteriole
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| In the male the internal urethral sphincter is located _______. | Neck of bladder behind Prosthetic Urethra
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| Draw and label a picture of the renal filtration barrier. | 1. Fenestrated Endothelium without diaphragm
2. Basal Lamina of Endothelium
3.Basal Lamina of Podocyte
4. Slit Pores
5. Slit Pore Membrane
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| Low levels in infancy results in mental or growth retardation. | Thyroid Hormones, T3 and T4
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| Stimulates the secretion of insulin-like growth factor. | Growth Hormone
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| Increases blood sugar by glucoNEOgenesis. | Glucagon and Cortisol
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| Facilitates movement of glucose into the hepatocyte. | Insulin
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| Secreted by parafollicular cells | Calcitonin
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| Low levels may cause increase in pigmentation. | Cortisol
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| Causes increase in blood calcium. | Parathyroid hormone
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| Causes increase in protein stores. | Growth Hormone and Insulin
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| Stimulates the distal tubules of the kidney to secrete K+ | Aldosterone
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| Secretion is inhibited by somatostatin. | Growth hormone, Glucagon and Insulin
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| Lysosomal enzymes are required in its formation | Thyroid Hormones, T3 and T4
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| Name the portion of the uriniferous tubule described. A. Forms the interstitial osmotic gradient. B. Absorbs most of the water from filtrate C. Contains sensory epithelium D. Only site for absorption of glucose | A. Thin Segment
B. Proximal Tubule
C. Distal Tubule
D. Proximal Tubule
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| It appears that all causes of nephrotic syndrome are related to structural and/or functional abnormalities in the ______. | Glomerular Basement Membrane
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| Name the accessory male reproductive gland which secretes: A. Fructose and prostaglandins B. Fibrinolysin and acid phosphatase. | A. Seminal Vesicle
B. Prostate
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| Penile erection occurs when A. _____ nerves casue closure of the A-V Shunt and diversion of blood into the B. _____. | A. Parasmpathetic
B. Cavernous Space
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| Smooth Muscle of the excretory ducts is innervated by _______ nerves. | Sympathetic
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| Give 2 major requirements for spermatogenesis. | 1. High local levels of testosterone
2. Intimate contact with Sertoli Cells
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| In which cell of spermatogenesis does genetic recombination occur? | Primary Spermatocyte
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| The Sertoli cell secretes A.______ in response to B. ______ stimulation. | A. Androgen Binding Protein and Inhibin
B. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
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| Describe the state of the germ cell of the primordial follicle. | 4N DNA arrested in diplotene of 1st meiotic division
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| Draw and label picture of primordial cell. | Include: 4N - Germ Cell (Primary Oocyte), Follicular Cells and basal lamina
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| Name the male reproductive organ described. A. Benign hyperplasia is common in elderly men. B. Secretes a product high in prostaglandins. C. Site of functional maturation of sperm. | A. Prostate
B. Seminal Vesicle
C. Epidydimus
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| Which are components of secondary follicle? A.Theca Interna which secretes estrogen B.Theca Externa which developed from stroma C.Secondary Oocyte D.Granulosa cells which secrete progesterone E. Zona Pellicida which develops from oocyte and the granu | A, B, E
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| What stimulates the LH Surge? | Estrogen
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| Stimulus for elevated levels that result in menses. | Neither Estrogen or Progesterone
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| Inhibits both FSH and LH? | Progesterone
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| High levels required in early pregnancy are stimulated by human chorionic gonadotropin. | Progesterone
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| Stimulates edema in the mammary stroma and in the endometrium. | Progesterone
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| Requires both the theca interna and the granulosa for its synthesis. | Estrogen
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| Secreted during the luteal phase | Both Estrogen and Progesterone
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| Actions in the vagina contribute to the formation of an acidic environment | Estrogen
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| High levels from the placenta inhibit maximum prolactin secretion | Estrogen
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| Secreted by the adrenal cortex | Both Estrogen and Progesterone
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| Which layer of the endometrium is shed in menses? | Functional Layer
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| Increases the use of fats for energy. | Glucagon, Cortisol and Insulin
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| Describe the structure of the blood-testis barrier. | Occluding Junctions of Sertoli Cells
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| Which cells of the blood-testis barrier are located in the basal compartment? | Spermatogonium
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| Squamous metaplasia near the external cervical os may block the drainage of mucus from deep clefts and result in masses of mucus called ____. | Nabothian Follicles
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| The most common benign tumor in the uterus is composed of ______. | Smooth Muscle
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| These tumors usually regress after menopause because they are _____. | Hormone Dependent
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| Give the effect of estrogen (from the ovarian follicle) on each of the following: A. Secretions by the adenohypophysis B. Endometrium C. Vaginal Mucosa | A. INCREASED Luetinizing Hormone Secretions and DECREASED Follicle Stimulation Hormone Secretions
B. Endometrium increases in thickness 2-3 times
C.Increased Glycogen and Sloughing of Vaginal Mucosa
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| Give the effect of progesterone (from corpus luteum) on each of the following: A. Female Mammary Gland (of reproductive age) B. Secretions of the adenohypophysis | A.Edema of the Stroma
B. Secretes large amounts of Progesterone
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| Describe the state of the germ cell in the secondary follicle. | Continued development of primary follicle under FSH and LH stimulations. Granulosa & Theca interna become thicker. Progresses through 1st Meiotic division. FOrmation of Antrum within the Granulosa
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| Abnormalties in the structure of the glomerular basement results in excessive loss of _____ in the urine which may eventually lead to nephrotic syndrome. | Protein
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| Name the the structure/cell of the kidney described. A. Forms the slit pores B. Secretes Renin (name the cells and their location) | A. Podocytes
B. Walls of the Afferent Arteriole
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| An elderly man complains of frequent and difficult urination. What is the most common condition causing this problem. | Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
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| What is the underlying pathology in Type 2 diabetes mellitus? | Insulin resistant targets
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| Why are high levels of insulin life threatening? | It can cause acidosis
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| What is the function of the thin segments (of the juxtamedullary nephrons)? | Interstitial Osmotic Gradient
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| Whichportion of the uniniferous tubule is the major target of aldosterone? | Distal tube
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| What does the distal tube do in response to aldosterone? | Absorb NA+ and Secrete K+
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| Which portions of the renal filtration barrier is formed by podocytes? | Slit pores and slit pore membranes
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| THe internal urethral sphincter is formed of ________ (tissue) and the external urethral sphincter is formed of B.________(tissue). | A. Middle circular smooth muscle of bladder
B. Skeletal Muscle of pelvic diaphram
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| WHich cells of the kidney function to support the glomerulus and maintain the glomerular basement membrane? | Mesangial Cells
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| HOrmone secreted by the zona fasciculata> | Aldosterone
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| Causes increase in blood glucose by glycoNOLysis? | Glucagon
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| Permeability of the collecting ducts to water is controlled by? | Anti-Diuretic Hormone
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| Which male reproductive excretory ducts are lined by motile cilia? | Efferent Ducts
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| By which fundamental processes are primary spermatocytes produced from spermatogonia? | Spermatocytogenesis
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| Hormone that stimulates the synthesis of Proteins | Insulin
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| What is the fundamental pathology of Type 1 Diabetes? | Anti-bodies against beta cells destroy the beta cells
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| Consider the cells of the ovary which produce androgens. A. The _____ cells resemble Leydig cells and increase production during pregnancy. B. The ______ cells secrete androgens during the ovarian cycle in response to luteninzing hormone. | A. Ovarian Hilar Cells
B. Theca Interna
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| What tissue forms a uterine fibroid? | Smooth Muscle of the Uterine wall
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| The transformation zone of the cervix is an important site of pathology. What is the transformation zone? Be Specific | Squamo-Columnar Junction where stratified squamous epithelium in the vagina meets with the columnar epithelium of the endo-cervical canal
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| Consider the mammary gland. A. Which hormone stimulates the synthesis and secretion of milk? B. Which hormone causes edema of the stroma? | A. Prolactin
B. Progesterone
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| Diagram and label a structure that is ovulated. What is occurring in the nucleus of this germ cell? | A. Diagram of oocyte
B. 1st meiotic division occur producing a gamate and polar body
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| Consider lutenizing hormone. In the male, it targets A. ______ and causes the target to B. _______ | A. Leydig Cell
B. Secrete testosterone
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| Consider lutenizing hormone. In the ovarian follicle, it targets A. ______ and causes the target to D.________ | A. Corpus Luteum
B. Secrete Progesterone
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| A. What is the stimulus for ovulation? B. WHat triggers A. to occur? | A. Surge of Lutenizing Hormone B. 36 hours of high estrogen levels
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| Following fertilization, which hormone rescues the corpus luteum? | Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
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| By what processes do spermatogonia and oogonia give rise to primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes? | Mitosis and differentiation
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