Hisology 2 MASH notes
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| What symptoms would be caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia? | Compression of urethra, urination difficulties, urine retention
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| Name the portion of the uriniferous tubule that absorbs 85% of the water from the filtrate. | proximal tubule
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| Name the portion of the uriniferous tubule that is a target of aldosterone. | distal tubule
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| Name the portion of the uriniferous tubule that is highly acidophilic and has a dense micovillus border. | proximal tubule
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| Name the portion of the uriniferous tubule that contains simple squamous epithelium. | thin segment
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| Name the portion of the uriniferous tubule that forms the interstitial concentration-osmotic gradient. | thin segment
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| Name the portion of the uriniferous tubule that is the only site of glucose absorption from the ultra filtrate. | proximal tubule
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| Name the portion of the uriniferous tubule that contains the macula densa. | distal tubule
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| Name the portion of the uriniferous tubule that is a target of ADH and becomes permeable to water when stimulated by ADH. | distal tubule and collecting duct
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| Name the portion of the uriniferous tubule that forms the slit pores of the filtration barrier. | podocytes
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| Name the portion of the uriniferous tubule that secretes K+ in response to aldosterone. | distal tubule
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| Name the portion of the uriniferous tubule that supports the glomerular capillary loop. | distal tubule
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| Where are the justaglomerular cells located and what are their function? | Wall of afferent arteriole; secrete renin
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| The internal urethral sphincter is formed from ____. | Middle circular smooth muscle
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| The external urethral sphincter is formed by _____. | Skeletal muscle of pelvic diaphragm
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| What is a characteristic of chronic renal failure? | Uremia
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| Nephrotic syndrome associated with diabetes mellitus is due to an abnormality in the _____. | glomerular basement membrane
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| Where is the internal urethral sphincter in males? | neck of bladder behind prostatic urethra
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| Where is the internal urethral sphincter in females? | around neck of bladder and entire urethra
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| What are the podocyte contributions to the renal filtration barrier? | slit pores and slit membrane
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| Which cells of the kidney may function to support the glomerulus and maintain the glomerular basal lamina? | mesengial cells
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| Renin is secreted by the _____ cells which are located in the wall of the ____. | juxtaglomerular cells; afferent arterioles
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| List the components of the renal filtration barrier beginning from inside the glomerulus. | 1) fenestrated endothelium without diaphragms; 2) basal lamina at endothelium; 3) podocytes which are fused; 4) slit pores with slit membranes
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| What cytology of the proximal tubule cell suggests its function? | Microvilli for absorption and lateral basal infoldings
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| What happens to the sugar level in the blood in a person with low levels of insulin? | increases
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| What happens to sugar level in the urine in a person with low levels of insulin? | increases
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| What can be dangerous about persistent low levels of insulin? | dehydration and acidosis
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| What is the function of the macula densa? | sensory
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| Other than phagocytosis, give one possible role of mesagium. | maintenance of the glomerular membrane
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| Specialized area of the distal tubule which may be sensory. | macula densa
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| Aldosterone stimulates the cells of the distal tubule to ________.. | absorb sodium and secrete potassium
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| Is the prostatic urethra lined by transitional epithelium? | True
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| Does the penile portion of the urethra contain mucus glands in the lamina propria? | True
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| Does the membranous portion of the male urethra pass through the urogenital diaphragm? | True
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| Does the urinary bladder contain three poorly defined layers of smooth muscle? | True
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| Is the urinary bladder linded by transitional epithelium? | True
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| Does the urinary blader contain no glands in the lamina propria? | True
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| Epithelium of the prostatic urethra is ________. | transitional epithelium
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| The conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I is stimulated by ______ which is secreted by _______. | renin; juxtaglomerular cells
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| Hormone that increases blood levels of calcium. | parathyroid hormone
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| Hormone whose secretion is stimulated by adrenocorticotrophic hormone. | cortisol
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| Hormone that increases movement of glucose into the hepatocyte. | insulin
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| Hormone required in infancy for normal brain development. | T3 & T4
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| Hormone that causes the collecting duct to become permeable to water. | antidiuretic hormone
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| Hormone that increases blood glucose by glycogenolysis. | Glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol
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| Hormone whose secretion is stimulated by elevated blood potassium. | Aldosterone
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| Hormone that causes ciliogenesis in the oviduct epithelium. | estrogen
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| Hormone that stimulates the secretory phase of the endometrium. | progesterone
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| Hormone that causes growth of ductal epithelium in the mammary gland during a normal ovarian cycle. |
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| Hormone that stimulates milk synthesis in lactating mammary gland. | prolactin
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| Hormone secreted by the interstitial stroma glands of the ovary. | estrogen
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| Hormone that stimulates glycogen formation in the vaginal epithelium. | progesterone
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| Hormone that inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon. | epinephrine and norepinephrine
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| Hormone that causes glucose to move into most cells. | insulin
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| Hormone that causes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. | glucagon
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| Hormone that causes the formation of glucose from amino acids. |
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| Hormone that decreases blood potassium. | aldosterone
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| Hormone secreted by the neurons of the hypothalamus. |
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| Hormone responsible fo redevelopment of the ovarian follicle. | follicle stimulating hormone
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| Hormone secreted due to stimulation primarily by ACTH. | cortisol
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| Hormone responsible for ovulation. | leuteinizing hormone - surge
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| Hormone responsible for breast development in puberty. | human chorionic gonadotrophin
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| High blood levels of this hormone facilitate the conversation of norepinephrine to epinephrine. | cortisol
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| Hormone that stimulates testosterone synthesis and secretion by the Leydig cells. | luteinizing hormone
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| This hormone stimulates secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum in the normal ovarian cycle. | luteinizing hormone
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| Hormone that stimulates secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum in pregnancy. | human chorionic gonadotrophin
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| Enzymes required for the conversion of thyroglobulin to active T3 and T4. | lysosomal enzymes
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| FSH in the male stimulates secretion of _____ by the ____. | androgen binding protein; sertoli cells
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| Estrogen is synthesized and secreted by the ______. | interstitial cells of the stroma
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| What effect does follicular estrogen have on the adenohypophysis? | increases LH and decreases FSH
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| Describe the function of the epididymus. | stores sperm, stimulates functional maturation
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| The accessory male productive organ that secrets a product high in fructose and prostaglandins. | seminal vesicle
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| The accessory male productive organ that secrets acid phosphotase. | prostate
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| What male reproductive organ has a duct that joins the ejaculatory dct and secretes a lubricating mucs? | bulbourethral gland
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| What male reproductive organ secretes products which stimulate functional maturation of spermatozoa? | epididymis
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| What male reproductive organ contains motile cilia? | efferent duct
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| High local levels of testosterone are required for spermatogenesis. How is this accomplished? | FSH causes sertoli cells to secrete androgen binding protein which binds testosterone secreted by leydig cells to produce high levels in the seminiferous tubule.
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| In spermatogenesis, cytokinesis is completed at the end of _____. | spermiogenesis
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| Which male accessory gland secretes acid phosphatase and fibrinolysin? | prostate
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| In penile erection, blood flows from the _____ artery into the _____. | helicine; corpus cavernosa and corpora spongiosum
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| What cells comprise the lining of the prepubescent testis? | sertoli cells and germ cells
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| Give the two major requirements for spermatogenesis. | high local levels of testosertone, intimate contact with sertoli cells
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| What is the most common disorder of the prostate gland? | benign prostatic hyperplasia
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| In penile erection, ____ stimulation causes constriction of the helcine artery and _____ stimulation causes dilation or relaxation. | sympathetic; parasympathetic
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| What cells are in the adluminal compartment of the blood-testis barrier? | primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa
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| The ____ cells secrete testosterone in response to ____. This is sequestered in the seminiferous tubule by _____., a molecule secreted by the sertoli cell in response to ____. | leydig cells; LH; androgen binding protein; FSH
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| In spermatogenesis, the primary spermatocytes develop from the spermatogonia by process of ___. | mitosis and differentiation
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| What male reproductive organs have ducts that join the ejaculatory duct? | seminal vesicle and vas deferens
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| What male reproductive organs are lined by pseudostrtified columnar epithelium with sterocilia? | epididymis
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| What male reproductive organ may form condensations? | prostate
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| Which accessory reproductive gland in the male secretes prostaglandins? | seminal vesicle
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| In which portion of the male reproductive system do sperm reach functional maturity? | epididymis
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