Barnett - Fossils and Stratigraphy
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| fossil | evidence or remains of once-living plants or animals
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| unaltered hard part | a bone or shell that has not undergone change since the organism's death
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| altered hard part | organic material is replaced with minerals
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| petrified | turned to stone
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| mold | impression left by an organism - a leaf or shell for example
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| cast | mold is filled with minerals
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| index fossil | used to correlate rock layers; easily recognized, abundant, and widespread geographically
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| trace fossil | indirect evidence of life, like a footprint
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| stratigraphy | the study of rock layers and the fossils they contain
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| uniformitarianism | forces and processes that we observe today have been at work for a very long time
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| original horizontality | sediments are laid down in horizontal layers
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| superposition | in undisturbed bedrock, the oldest rocks are at the bottom and the youngest rocks are on the top
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| cross-cutting relationship | intrusion, folding, or fault is younger than the rock it cuts across
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| unconformity | buried surface of erosion
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| relative age | puts the age of materials in order; puts events in a sequence
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| absolute age | gives the actual age of a material
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| isotope | atom that has a different number of neutrons in its nucleus than normal
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| half life | the amount of time it takes for half the parent material to decay to daughter material
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| parent material | the original, unstable isotope
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| daughter material | the stable isotope that results from radioactive decay
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| radioactive decay | spontaneous breakdown of nuclei of unstable isotopes
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| radiometric dating | using the process of radioactive decay to find the absolute date of a material
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| radiocarbon dating | finding the absolute age of a once-living organism using the carbon 14 decay process
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| dendrochronology | tree ring dating
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