Study questions for biology HESI entrance exam
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| List the hierarchic system of organization | kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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| The hierarchic system of organization is most inclusive (broadest) as _____ and as least as _____. | kingdom; species
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| Darwin introduced evolution in ______ | 1859
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| Darwin proposed that current species arose from a process called "____________" | decent with modification
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| What substance makes life possible? | water
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| __________ of a molecule is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of that molecule by 1 degree Celsius. | specific heat
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| Water has a ______ specific heat value | high
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| ______ is the ability of a molecule to stay bonded or attracted to another molecule of the same substance. | cohesion
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| ________ is the ability of water to bond to or attract other molecules or substances. | adhesion
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| What are the 4 most important molecules that are significant in biology? | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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| ______ are long chains, or polymers of sugars. These have main purposes as storage, structure and energy. | carbohydrates
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| ______ are also known as fats or fatty acids, phospholipids and steroids. | lipids
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| ________ are lipids that are categorized as saturated or unsaturated. | fatty acid
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| _______ fats contain no double bonds in their hydrogen tail. | saturated
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| ______ fats are solid at room temperature and _____ are liquid. | saturated; unsaturated
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| Fats that are generally considered detrimental to health | saturated fats
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| _______ is the fatty acid associated with membranes and are precursors to hormones. | Steroids
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| ______ are the most significant contributor to cellular function. | proteins
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| Proteins are polymers of 20 ________. | amino acids
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| ______ are the larges biological molecules. | proteins
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| _______ are types of proteins that act to catalyze different reactions or processes. | enzymes
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| The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism. | metabolism
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| The fundamental unit of biology | cell
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| The 2 types of cells | prokaryotic & eukaryotic
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| Components of cells | organelles
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| Cells that have no defined nucleus and a series of organelles that carry out the functions of the cell. | prokaryotic
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| Cells that have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles that carry out the functions of the cell. More complex cell type | eukaryotic
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| The first of the organelles which holds the DNA of the cell in masses called chromosomes | nucleus
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| _______ contain all material for the regeneration of the cell. | chromosomes
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| ______ are organelles that read RNA produced in the nucleus | ribosomes
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| Cells with a ______ rate of protein synthesis have a ______ number of ribosomes. | high/large
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| Bound ribosomes are found on _______ and free ribosomes are found in ______. | ER; cytoplasm
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| ER covered with ribosomes that is responsible for protein synthesis and membrane production | Rough ER
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| ER that functions in detoxification and metabolism of multiple molecules | Smooth ER
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| The packaging, processing and shipping organelle that functions to transport materials from the ER throughout the cell. | golgi apparatus
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| Where intracellular digestion takes place | lysosomes
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| ______ can hydrolyze proteins, fats, sugars and nucleic acids | lysosomes
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| _________ are membrane-enclosed structures that have various functions depending of cell type. | vacuoles
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| What are the 2 distinct organelles that produce cell energy? | mitochondrion & choloroplast
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| _______ are found in most eukaryotic cells and are the site of cell respiration. | mitochondria
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| _____ are found in plants and are the site of photosynthesis | chloroplasts
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| ______ is the most important component of a cell and it contributes protection, communication and the passage of substances into and out of the cell. | cellular membrane
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| C6H1206 + 602 ----> 6C02 + 6H20 is the balanced equation for ________. | cellular respiration
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| _____ is the molecule that is used as the currency of the cell. | ATP
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| ______ acts as a reducing agent and is the vehicle of stored energy. | reduced NADH
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| The first step of cellular respiration; this step is the conversion of glucose to pyruvate. | glycolysis
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| Glycolysis takes place in the _______ of a cell & produces 2 molecules each of: ATP, pyruvate & NADH | cytosol
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| The reaction that takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and for every 1 glucose molecule consumed, 2 ATP molecules, 6 CO2 molecules and 6 NADH molecules are produced. | Krebs cycle
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| This occurs int he 3rd step of cellular respiration. it is when oxidation of NADH molecules produce oxygen and finally produce water. | electron transport chain
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| In the election transport chain, for every _____ molecule, 28-32 _____ molecules can be produced. | glucose; ATP
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| The chemical process that concerts CO2 into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight. | photosynthesis
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| 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light energy ----> C6H1206 + 6O2 is the equation for _________, which is the opposite of cellular respiration. | photosynthesis
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| The 2 stages of photosynthesis | light reactions & calvin cycle
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| The _______ stage of photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy | light reactions
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| The 2 categories of cellular respiration | sexual and asexual
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| What are 2 types of asexual reproduction? | binary fission & mitosis
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| This type of asexual reproduction involves bacterial cells | binary fission
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| What happens in binary fission? | the chromosome binds to the plasma membrane where it replicates, then as the cell grows, it pinches into 2, producing 2 identical cells.
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| The type of asexual reproduction that occurs in 5 stages | mitosis
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| 5 stages of mitosis | prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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| Stage of mitosis where the chromosomes are visibly separate, and each duplicated chromosome has 2 noticeable sister chromatids | prophase
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| The phase of mitosis when the nuclear envelope begins to disappear and the chromosomes begin to attach tot he spindle that is forming along the axis of the cell | prometaphase
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| The stage of mitosis when all of the chromosomes align along the center of the cell | metaphase
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| the stage of mitosis when chromosomes start to separate. In this phase the chromatids are considered separate chromosomes. | anaphase
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| The stage of mitosis when chromosomes gather on either side of the now separating cell. | telophase
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| Process of asexual reproduction associated with cell division in which the cell pinches in two, forming two separate identical cells (not associated with mitosis) | cytokinesis
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| Process of cell division in sexual reproduction of a cell | meiosis
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| 2 distinct phases of meiosis that result in 4 daughter cells | meiosis one, meiosis two
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| Stage of meiosis when chromosomes are duplicated and the cell prepares for division | interphase
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| The stages of meiosis one | prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I
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| The significant differences between meiosis and mitosis occur in _______ | prophase I
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| During this phase of meiosis one, nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross at numerous locations. | prophase I
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| After the first ______, meiosis two begins | cytokinesis
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| 2 alternate genetic traits for every version of a gene | alleles
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| 2 types of simple traits | dominant & recessive
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| An organism with alleles of the same type | homozygous
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| An organism with alleles of opposite types | heterozygous
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| If a dominant allele is present, the phenotype expressed will be _______ | dominant
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| What is the only way a trait can be recessive? | if both alleles are recessive
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| Device that predicts genotype and phenotype of the offspring of sexual reproduction | punnett square
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| The combo of alleles | genotype
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| What traits will be expressed | phenotype
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| Progeny | offspring
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| Study of heredity | genetics
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| Family tree that traces the occurrence of a certain trait through several generation | pedigree
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| genetic material of a cell; vehicle of inheritance | DNA
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| Year that Watson & Crick described the structure of DNA | 1953
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| Adenine bonds with _______ | thymine
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| Guanine bonds with ________ | cytosine
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| Protein synthesis of DNA begins with _______ | transcription
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| Piece of genetic material produced by transcription | mRNA
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| ________ functions as a messenger from the original DNA helix in the nucleus to the ribosomes in cytosol or rough ER | mRNA
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| Every group of 3 bases along the stretch of RNA | codon
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| Where the anticodon is located | tRNA
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| tRNA is stopped by a | stop codon
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| What is the most important characteristic of water? | polarity of the hydrogen-oxygen bonds
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| Which of the following biologic macromolecules are most important to the cellular membrane? a) steroids b) proteins c) carbohydrates d) phospholipids | D- phospholipids
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| What cellular organelle is the site of catabolic pathway leading to cellular energy production? | mitochondrion
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| What type of cellular reproduction do bacteria undergo? | binary fission
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| What is the probability that a recessive trait would be expressed in offspring if 2 parents who are both heterozygous for the desired trait were crossed? | 25%
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| In which organelle does transcription begin? | nucleus
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