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Anatomy Questions for HESI entrance exam

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Question
Answer
A cut along the median plane; cuts the body into left and right.   Sagittal  
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A cut along the frontal section; cuts the body into anterior and posterior sections.   Coronal  
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A cut through the middle of the body; cuts body into superior and inferior portions.   Transverse  
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This body cavity includes the cranial and spinal cavities.   dorsal  
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This body cavity includes the orbits & the nasal, oral, thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities.   Ventral  
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Study of tissues   histology  
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Group of cells that act together to perform specific functions.   Tissue  
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The 4 fundamental tissues   epithelial, connective, muscle & nerve  
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Tissue that covers, lines & protects the body and its internal organs   epithelial tissue  
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Tissue that is the framework of the body, providing support & structure for the organs.   connective tissue  
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Tissue composed of neurons & connective tissue cells that are called neuralgia   nerve tissue  
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Tissue that has the ability to contract or shorten; it is classified as voluntary or involuntary.   muscle tissue  
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voluntary muscle tissue   skeletal muscle tissue  
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Involuntary muscle tissue   smooth muscle & cardiac muscle tissue  
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Basic unit of life; building block of tissues and organs   cell  
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______ include the enzymes that regulate all chemical reactions in the body.   proteins  
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Where does meiosis take place?   gonads  
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Mucous, serous, synovial & cutaneous are membranes composed mainly of ______ tissue   Epithelial  
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What is replaced by bone during embryonic development?   cartilage  
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______ is mainly found in joints, thorax & various rigid tubules.   Cartilage  
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The largest organ of the body   skin  
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Layer of skin that rests on the subcu. tissue that connects the skin to superficial muscles.   dermis  
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Name the layers of the epidermis from the outer layer to the inner layer:   Stratum corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum granulosum, stratum germinativum  
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Layer of epidermis where mitosis occurs   stratum germinativum  
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Protein pigment that protects against the suns radiation   melanin  
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The layer of skin composed of fibrous connective tissue with blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, hair follicles & glands.   dermis  
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Two types of sweat glands   eccrine & apcorine  
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Sweat gland that regulates body temperature by releasing a watery secretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin.   eccrine  
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Sweat glands that are mainly in the groin and armpits and contain bits of cytoplasm in the secretion   apocrine  
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The ______ skeleton is make up of the pelvic girdle (os coxae) & the lower extremity.   lower appendicular skeleton  
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List the bones of the os coxae   ilium, ischium, & pubis  
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Muscle contraction results from the sliding together of what 2 filaments within the muscle cell or fiber?   actin & myosin  
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What are myofibrils made up of?   sarcomeres  
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What must be present for muscles to contract?   ATP & calcium  
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Skeletal muscle = ______ muscle   voluntary  
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Muscles that work in coordination with primary movers.   Synergists  
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Muscles that reduce the angle at the joint.   flexors  
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Muscles that increase the angle at the joint.   extensors  
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The ______ system is made up of the brain, spinal cord & nerves.   nervous  
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What are the main parts of a neuron?   cell body, dendrite, axon  
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______ of a neuron transmit impulse toward the body of the cell.   dendrites  
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______ of a neuron transmits impulses away from the cell body.   axon  
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The 2 parts of the nervous system   CNS & PNS  
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The division of the nervous system that consists of all of the nerves that transmit info to & from the central nervous system.   PNS  
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2 divisions of the PNS   Sensory (afferent) neurons & Motor (efferent) neurons  
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Neurons that transmit nerve impulses towards the CNS.   sensory (afferent) neurons  
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Neurons that carry nerve impulses away from the CNS, and toward the effector organs such as muscles, glands & digestive organs   motor (efferent) neurons  
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The major parts of the brain   cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata  
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Part of the brain associated with movement & sensory input   cerebrum  
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Part of the brain responsible for muscular coordination   cerebellum  
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Part of the brain that controls many vital functions such as respiration & heart rate   medulla oblongata  
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How long is the spinal cord?   18 inches  
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The spine extends from the ______ to the ______.   foramen magnum (base of the skull), L1 or L2  
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There are ______ pairs of spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord.   31  
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The reflexes in which nerve impulses travel through the spinal cord only & don't reach the brain.   Simple reflexes  
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The impulses that enter the dorsal horns of the spinal cord.   sensory  
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The impulses that leave through the ventral horns of the spinal cord   motor  
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The system that assists the nervous system with homeostasis   endocrine system  
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The system that plays important roles in growth and sexual maturation   endocrine system  
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The gland that governs the pituitary & is controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood.   hypothalamus  
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Chemical messengers that control growth, differentiation & metabolism of specific target cells.   hormones  
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2 major groups of hormones   steroid hormones & protein hormones  
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The hormones that enter the target cells and have direct effect on DNA of the nucleus.   Steroid hormones  
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The hormones that remain at cell surface and act through a second messenger AMP   Protein hormones  
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Hormones affect cell activity by altering the rate of __________.   protein synthesis  
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The cortisol released from the adrenal cortex reduces ______, raises ______ and inhibits release of _______.   body temperature, blood sugar level, histamine  
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The master gland   pituitary gland  
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The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the ________.   infundibulum  
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2 major portion of the pituitary gland   anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) & posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).  
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Hormones of the adenohypophysis   tropic hormones  
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STH, GH, ACTH, THS, FSH, LH are all hormones of _________.   anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)  
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Oxytocin & ADH are hormones of ______.   posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)  
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Whole blood: ______ whole blood & ______ formed parts.   55%, 45%  
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What make up the formed elements of blood?   erythrocytes, leukocytes & platelets  
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What are ways to distinguish leukocytes?   size, nucleus, staining properties, & presence/absence of visual cytoplasmic granules  
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Leukocytes are active in ______ & ______.   phagocytosis & antibody formation  
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_____ are active in blood clotting.   platelets  
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Blood serves to transport _____ & _____ to body cells and to carry away ______ & ______.   oxygen & nutrients; CO2 & metabolic wastes  
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______ contains 10% proteins, ions, nutrients, waste products & hormones.   proteins  
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Double pump organ   heart  
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The heart sends blood to the lungs for ______ through the pulmonary circuit & to the remainder through the ______ circuit.   oxygenation; systemic circuit  
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Where blood is received   atria  
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After blood is received by the atria, it is pumped into circulation by the ______.   ventricles  
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Valve on the right side of the heart   tricuspid  
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Valve on the left side of the heart   bicuspid  
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_______ valves are found at the entrances of the pulmonary trunk & aorta.   Semilunar  
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Blood is supplied to the myocardium (heart muscle) by the ______.   coronary arteries  
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Blood drains from the myocardium directly into the right atrium through the _______.   coronary sinus  
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The hears intrinsic beat is initiated by the ______.   SA node  
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Device that measures the hearts wave of electrical activity   ECG  
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The period from the end of one ventricular contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction.   cardiac cycle  
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The contraction phase of ventricular cycle   systole  
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The relaxation phase of ventricular contraction   diastole  
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carry blood away from the heart   arteries  
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carry blood toward the heart   veins  
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Microscopic vessels through which exchanges take place between the blood & cells of the body   capillaries  
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The systemic arteries begin with the ______, which sends branches to all parts of the body.   aorta  
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The smallest arteries   arterioles  
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As arteries get further away from the heart, they become ______.   thinner  
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The large veins that empty into the right atrium of the heart.   superior & inferior venae cavae  
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The walls of the ______ are thick & elastic and carry blood under high pressure.   arteries  
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Vasoconstriction & vasodilation result from constriction & relaxation of ________ in the arterial walls.   smooth muscle  
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Vasoconstriction & vasodilation influence _____ & blood distribution to ________.   blood pressure; tissues  
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Walls of ________ are thinner, less elastic & carry blood under lower pressure than arteries.   veins  
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Mechanisms that help draw venous blood back to the heart: (3)   Pressure of skeletal muscle on veins; expansion of the chest during inhalation; valves in veins of legs that keep blood moving in a forward direction  
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Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm, muscles around the ribs & alveoli are all components of the ________ system.   respirator system  
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What part of the brain controls respiration?   medulla  
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The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood through alveoli.   external respiration  
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The exchange of gasses between blood and body cells.   internal respiration  
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_______ passage ways of the nasal cavity serves to warm, filter and moisten incoming air.   Upper  
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The upper respiratory tubules are lined with ________ that keep dirt & debris from entering the lungs.   cilia  
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The contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the chest cavity & draw air into the lungs.   inhalation  
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The process during which the lungs recoil as the respiratory muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size.   exhalation  
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Apocrine glands secretion traps debris & bacteria causing _________.   odor  
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Glands that release sebum through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin & prevents drying.   Sebaceous gland  
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Oil is produced by ______ secretion.   holocrine  
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Bones are classified by ______.   shape  
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What kind of bone has an irregular epiphysis at each end, composed mainly of spongy bone & a shaft (diaphysis) composed of compact bone   long bone  
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Cells that form compact bone   osteoblasts  
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Axial skeleton consists of ______ bones of the skull.   28  
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The bones of the axial skeleton are categorized as ______.   14 facial bones & 14 cranium bones  
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List the 14 facial bones   2 nasal bones, 2 maxillary bones, 2 zygomatic bones, one mandible, 2 palatine bones, 1 vomer, 2 lacrimal bones, 2 inferior nasal conchae  
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14 bones of the cranium   occipital, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, and the ossicles of the ear (mallus, incus, stapes)  
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The axial skeleton also holds ______ bones of the vertebral column.   33  
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# of cervical vertebrae   7  
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# of thoracic vertebrae   12  
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# of lumbar vertebrae   5  
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# of sacral vertebrae   5  
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Another name for coccygeal bone   tail bone  
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Skeleton that houses girdles & limbs   appendicular skeleton  
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The pectoral/shoulder girdle, clavicle, scapula & upper extremity are housed in the __________.   upper appendicular skeleton  
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Most of the oxygen carried in the blood is bound to _________ in RBC's.   hemoglobin  
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Regulator of blood pH   CO2  
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The digestive tube   alimentary canal  
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Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, recutm & anus are components of the ____________.   alimentary canal/digestive tract  
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Accessory organs of digestion   liver, pancreas, gallbladder  
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Mechanical process of breaking down food with the teeth & tongue   mastication  
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Substance that lubricates & dilutes chewed food   saliva  
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Enzyme in saliva that starts digestion of complex carbohydrates   amylase  
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A ball of food   bolus  
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Narrow tube leading from the pharynx to stomach   esophagus  
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4 main layers of the digestive tract (inner to outer)   mucous membrane, submucous layer, muscular layer and serous layer  
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After food enters the stomach, gastric glands secrete ________ that breaks down food.   hydrocholoric acid  
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The stomach churns & mixes the bolus, turning it into a soupy substance called ______.   chyme  
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the stomach regulates the movement of food into the ______.   small intestine  
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Where does digestion & absorption of food occur?   small intestine  
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Digestion in the small intestine is acted on by enzymes from _______ & ______ and by bile from the ______.   small intestine & pancreas; liver  
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The ________ contributes water to dilute chyme & bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid from the stomach.   pancreas  
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Regions of the small intestine   duodenum, jejunum, ileum  
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Nutrients are absorbed through the wall of the __________.   small intestine  
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The amino acids & simple sugars derived from proteins & carbohydrates are absorbed directly into ________.   blood  
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Most fats are absorbed into the lymph by the ________.   lacteals  
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After fats are absorbed & added to the blood stream, all nutrients enter the ________ to be routed to the _______ for decontamination.   hepatic portal vein; liver  
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small finger-like projections that greatly increase surface area of the intestinal wall   villi  
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Digestive organ that reabsorbs water and stores & eliminates undigested food.   large intestine  
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Abundant bacteria of the large intestine   intestinal flora  
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Portions of the large intestine   ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum  
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opening for defecating   anus  
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parts of the urinary system   2 ureters, 2 kidneys, urethra, and urinary bladder  
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The tubes that transport urine to the urinary bladder   ureters  
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The place where urine is stored   urinary bladder  
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How urine exits the body   urethra  
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Functional units of the kidney   nephrons  
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Nephrons are small coiled tubules that filter waste material out of the blood brought to the kidney by the ________.   renal artery  
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the filtration process occurs through the ________ in the bowmans capsule of the nephron.   glomerulus  
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Filtration of the blood occurs under the force of _______.   blood pressure  
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As the glomerular filtrate passes through the nephron, components needed by the body leave the nephron by _______ & reenter the blood.   diffusion  
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Water is reabsorbed at the _______ of the nephron.   tubules  
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What is the final product of the nephrons?   urine  
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2 functions of the reproductive system   production of gamates; production of hormones  
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Functions of the sex organs are under control by ______ hormones.   tropic  
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reproductive activity is ______ in women and ________ in men.   cyclic; continuous  
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What are gamates formed by?   meiosis  
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Where do spermatozoa develop?   seminiferous tubules of each testis  
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The interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules, produce _________.   testosterone  
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Hormone that influences sperm cell development and produces body hair and deep voice.   testosterone  
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Where are sperm stored?   epididymis  
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Pathway for sperm during ejaculation   vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra  
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Glands that produce semen   seminal vesicles, prostate gland, cowpers gland  
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Hormones that control testicular activity   FSH & LH  
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Hormone that stimulates sperm production   FSH  
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Hormone that stimulates intersitial cells to produce testosterone.   LH  
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__________ produced by the follicle initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy.   estrogen  
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At day ______ of the cycle, LH is released from the _______, which stimulates ovulation and the coversion of the follicle to the _______.   14; pituitary; corpus luteum  
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What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum?   progesterone  
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After ovulation, the egg is swept into the __________.   fallopian tube  
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If fertilization occurs, it occurs while the egg is in the ________.   oviduct  
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Name for a fertilized egg   zygote  
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In the uterus, the developing embryo is nourished by the ______, which is formed by materials and embryonic tissues.   placenta  
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Cavity composed of the abdomen & pelvis   abdominopelvic cavity  
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Movement of nutrients from the digestive tube into the bloodstream.   absorption  
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Protein making up the I band of the sarcomere   actin  
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Building block of proteins   amino acid  
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Special proteins that protect the body from foreign substances.   antibody  
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Adenosine triphosphate, which is the energy of the cell   ATP  
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Upper chambers of the heart   atria  
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Product of the liver that emulsifies fat   bile  
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Tissue made of cells & fibers that connect and support   cartilage  
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Gland of the ear that produces earwax   Ceruminous gland  
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Bodies within the nucleus made of DNA and proteins called histones.   chromosomes  
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Nervous system made up of the brain & spinal cord   CNS  
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Imaginary line passing through the body from head to toe that divides the body into front & back portions   coronal plane  
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Body containing the brain   cranial cavity  
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Dome-shaped breathing muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.   diaphragm  
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Movement of materials from high concentration to lower concentration   diffusion  
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The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food   digestion  
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Crescent-shaped projection of gray matter within the spinal cord where sensory neurons enter the spinal cord   dorsal horn  
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Prenatal development time between the zygote and the fetus   embryo  
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Inner lining of the uterus   endometrium  
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Functional proteins; names usually end in -ase   enzymes  
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A passage in the skull bone through which the spinal cord enters the spinal column   foramen magnum  
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The blood cells   formed elements  
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Simple sugar found in certain foods, especially fruits   glucose  
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Physiologic steady state that is naturally maintained within the body   homeostasis  
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Portion of the brain that regulates body temperature, sleep and appetite   hypothalamus  
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Articulates between adjoining bones   joints  
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Though, fibrous, insoluble protein forming the primary component of skin, hair, nails and tooth enamel   keratin  
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Dead cells of the epidermis   keratinized epithelium  
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Found within the villi of intestinal wall, where fat nutrients are absorbed   lacteal vessel  
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Tissue connecting bone to bone   ligaments  
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An imaginary line dividing the body into left and right portions   median plane  
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Space within the thoracic cavity that houses all the organs of the chest except the lungs   mediastinum  
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Thin sheets of tissue cells that line the body openings or canals that open to the outside of the body.   Mucous membrane  
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Protein that makes up nearly half of the proteins in muscle cells   myosin  
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Mouth; AKA buccal cavity   oral cavity  
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Cavities surrounding the eyes   orbits  
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Structurally discrete component of a cell that performs a specific function   organelle  
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Measurement associated with acids and bases   pH  
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Engulfing of materials by certain cells of the body   phagocytosis  
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Liquid portion of the blood   plasma  
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Blood flow through a network of vessels between the heart and the lungs for the oxygenation of blood and the removal of CO2   Pulmonary circulation  
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Organelle of the cell where protein synthesis takes place   ribosomes  
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An imaginary line running from the front to back that divides the body into left and right sections.   sagittal plane  
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Organelle of the muscle fiber that stores calcium.   sarcoplasmic reticulum  
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Oil glands of the skin   sebaceous glands  
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Thin sheets of tissue that line body cavities not having to exist to the outside   serous membrane  
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The backbone that protects the spinal cord, which runs inside of it.   Spinal column  
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Layer of tissue under the dermis that contains adipose tissue   subcutaneous tissue  
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Sweat glands   sudiferous glands  
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Loose, connective tissue that lines the joint cavity   synovial membrane  
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General blood circulation of the body, not including the lungs   systemic circulation  
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The chest cavity   thoracic cavity  
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Imaginary line dividing the body into top and bottom portions   transverse plane  
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Narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel   vasoconstriction  
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Widening of the diameter of a blood vessel   vasodilation  
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Anterior columns of the gray matter of the spinal cord   Ventral horns  
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Lower chambers of the heart   ventricles  
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The fertilized egg, from the time it is fertilized until its implanted into the urterus   zygote  
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The ankle is ______ in relation to the knee.   distal  
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The serous membrane surrounding the heart.   pericardium  
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The actively mitotic layer of the epidermis.   stratum germinativum  
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What is the total number of phalanges?   56  
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the flexor carpi ulnaris located?   wrist  
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The master gland   pituitary  
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The largest gland of the human body   liver  
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The storage area of urine   urinary bladder  
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The portion of the uterus under direct hormonal effect.   endometrium.  
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The contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the chest cavity and draw air into the lungs   inhalation  
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The process during which the lungs recoil as the respiratory muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size.   exhalation  
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