Part 8 and 9
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| What are the 2 organelles that contain DNA? | mitochondria and chloroplasts
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| function of mitochondria | carry out cellular respiration
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| cellular respiration | uses the energy in sugars, fats and proteins to make ATP
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| Do mitochondria need oxygen to make ATP? | YES
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| chloroplasts | convert solar energy to chemical energy in sugars
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| endosymbiotic theory | eukaryotic cell originated as a community of prokaryotes
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| evidence that support the endosymbiotic theory | circular DNA, divide by simple fission, similar size
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| cytoskeleton | supports cell shape, anchors organelles, enable movement
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| 3 kind of protein fibers | microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments
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| microfilaments of actin | enable cells to change shape and move
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| intermediate filaments | reinnforce the cell and anchor certain organelles
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| microtubules | give the cell rigidity, provide anchors and tracks for organelles
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| two kind of cell motor protein | kinesin and dynein
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| what "things" move the cells? | flagella and cilia
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| flagella | long and few in #; ex: sperm
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| cilia | short and numerous; ex: ciliated epithelium that line our air passages move debris towards the throat
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| can phospholipids spontaneously self-assemble when mixed with water? | YES
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| what is energy? | capacity to do work
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| what is work? | moving an object against an opposing force
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| cellular metabolism | chemical reactions that process energy
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| 2nd law of thermodynamics | energy changes are not 100% efficient
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| what is a chemical reaction | making or breaking of chemical bonds
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| what much energy does a bond contain? | a bond contains the amount of energy used to make it
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| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | power cellular work
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| how is the bond joining a phosphate group to the rest of the ATP molecule broken? | by hydrolysis
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| how is the motion of cilia and flagella created? | by the microtubules sliding past one another
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| what are enzymes? | proteins that serve as catalysts
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| name some cellular works that are powered by ATP | flagellar movements; cell crawling; heat production; active transport: Na+ K+ pump; motor protein movement; contraction; chemical activation
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| what is oxidation and reduction | oxidation is the loss of electron, reduction is the gain of electron.
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