Everything else you would want to know about the central nervous system
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| Left hemisphere of cerebral cortex | controls comprehension of spoken & written language, speech production, math and logic
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| Right hemisphere of cerebral cortex | visual-spacial skills, face recognition, intuition, artistic & musical ability
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| People who have left hemisphere dominance | 90% of people, right handed usually
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| People with right hemisphere dominance | 10% of people, tend to be left handed and male
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| Ambidexterous | equal function of hemispheres, sometimes are dyslexic
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| Cerebral peduncles | part of the midbrain, they are visible anteriorly, vertical tracts, they include pyramidal motor tracts
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| Superior cerebellar peduncles | part of the midbrain, visible posteriorly, horizontal tracts, extend to cerebellum
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| Corpora quadrigemina | In midbrain, visible posteriorly, they include superior colliculi and inferior colliculi
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| Substantia nigra | in the midbrain, contain melanin
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| Red nucleus | In midbrain, motor pathways for limb flexion
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| Dura mater | outermost meninges layer. Has periosteal and meningeal layers.
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| Periosteal | part of dura matter, attached to periosteum of skull
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| Meningeal | deep part of the dura mater, extends to dural septa. Includes falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli
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| Falx cerebri | longitudinal fissure of meningeal layer of dura mater
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| Falx cerebelli | along vermis, part of the meningeal layer of dura mater
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| Tentorium cerebelli | over cerebellum into transverse fissure, part of the meningeal layer of dura mater
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| Reticular formation (structure) | three columns of neurons through brainstem (medial to lateral: raphe nuclei, medial group, lateral group)
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| Reticular formation (function) | arousal of brain as a whole
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| RAS | reticular activating system, part of the reticular formation, it sends constant stream of impulses to cerebral cortex to keep it alert; filters out repetetive, familiar or weak sensory imput
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| Arachnoid matter | middle meninges layer, spans sulci; consists of subdural space, subarachnoid space, and arachnoid villi
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| Subdural space | it is the abovemost layer of arachnoid mater
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| Subarachnoid space | part of the arachnoid mater, it is below subdural space; cavity filled with CSF where large blood vessels are located
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| Arachnoid villi | part of the arachnoid mater, it protrudes superiorly into dural sinuses to return CSF to circulatory system
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| Arachnoid and pia mater extend ____ | below L1 and S2 to form a sac containing CSF (lumbar tap)
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| Conus medullaris | cone shaped terminus of spinal cord (L1)
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| Filum terminale | extension of pia from conus medullaris inferiorly to coccyx
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| Cauda equina | collection of nerve roots extending inferiorly from the terminus of the spinal cord
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| White mater of the spinal cord | mostly vertical tracts; posterior, anterior, and lateral funiculi
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| Gray mater core of spinal cord | gray commissure with central canal connects horns of gray mater; dorsal, ventral, and lateral horns (only in thoracic and superior lumbar)
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| Anterior median fissure & posterior median sulcus | roughly divide the spinal cord into left and right
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| Upper motor neurons | part of the descending pathways, they are cell bodies in cerebral cortex or subcortical motor nuclei
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| Lower motor neurons | part of the descending pathways, they are cell bodies in anterior horn, fibers extend to skeletal muscles
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| Descending pathways and tracts (main pathways) | Direct (pyramidal) system, indirect (extrapyramidal) system
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| Direct (pyramidal) system | one of main descending pathways, in pyramidal tracts, don't synapse until reaching the spinal cord
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| Indirect (extrapyramidal) system | one of main descending pathways, all motor pathways outside pyramidal pathways. include: reticulospinal tracts, rubrospinal tracts, tectospinal tracts, vestibulospinal tracts
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| Homeostatic imbalances of spinal cord | trauma induced paralysis, poliomyelitis, ALS
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| Examples of trauma induced paralysis | flaccid paralysis, spastic paralysis, paraplegia, quadriplegia, hemiplegia
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| First step of cerebellar processing | cerebral cortex signals cerebellum of intent to initiate movement
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| Second step of cerebellar processing | sensory info is evaluated by cerebellum to determine body position
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| Third step of cerebellar processing | cerebellar cortex calculates coordination of the movement
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| Fourth step of cerebellar processing | cerebellum sends a "blueprint" for movement to the cerebral cortex and to brainstem motor nuclei via the superior cerebellar peduncles
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| Spinal cord (location and protection) | Extends from foramen magnum to L1 or L2, protected by meninges, bone, and CSF
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| Epidural space | between wall of vertebral foramen and dura
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