English (literature and language) Terminology
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| A name to describe things that have no physical qualities. | Abstract Noun
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| A set of distinctive pronounciations that mark regional or social identity | accent
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| a grammatical structure in which the subject is the actor of a sentence. E.g. the dog eats the bone. | Active voice.
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| A word that modifies a noun or pronoun. | Adjective/ Modifier
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| A word that modifies verbs, adjectives, conjunctions and prepositions. | Adverb
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| repetition of the same sound in the initial position in a sequence of words. | alliteration.
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| To refer to something indirectly or metaphorically. | allusion
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| Lines of poetry of where the rhyme is ever other line (ABAB) | Alternate rhyme.
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| A unit of poetic meter containing two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable --/ | Anapest
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| A word or phrase no longer in current use | Archaisms
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| Sounds that denote audible breath e.g. h | Aspirants
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| A repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds | Assonance
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| The omission of co-ordinating conjunctions as a feature of rhetorical style | Asyndetic listing
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| The opinions expressed in the text | Attitudes
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| A verb that precedes another verb e.g. I can go | Modal/Auxilary Verbs
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| Term used to denote sounds made with both lips e.g. m, b | Bilabials
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| A mid-line pause | ceasura
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| A name that refers to a group of people, animals or things | Collective noun
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| A name for every day objects | common/concrete noun
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| An adjective made up of two words joined by a hyphen | compound adjective
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| A deliberately elaborate metaphor | Conceit
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| The associations attached to a word in addition to its dictionary definition | Connotations
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| What the text is about | Content
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| Things outside the text which may shape its meaning e.g. when it was written, and who wrote it | Context
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| A two line verse (often rhyming) | Couplet
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| A unit of poetic meter containing one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllable /-- | Dactyl
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| A mood used to express a statement | Declarative
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| 'the' | Definite article
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| Terms used to denote words that rely on the context to be understood e.g. pass me that, there. | Diectic
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| Language interaction with two or more participants | Dialogue
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| The study of spoken language | Discourse
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| A structure in which more than one negative is used | Double negative
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| A verb that expresses an action rather than a state | Dynamic Verb
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| The omission of sounds in connected speech | Ellision
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| The omission of part of a sentence | Ellipsis
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| A change in the structure of the sentence to place emphasis on a closing sentence element. | End-focus
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| Run-on lines | Enjambement
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| A word that replaces a term seen by society as taboo or unpleasant | Euphemism/ Expletive
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| A mood that expresses strong emotions | Exclamatory
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| Where the rhyme looks like it should rhyme but the sound is not exactly the same. | Eye Rhyme
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| Words used when hesitating in speech, um, er | Fillers
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| A change in the structure of the sentence to place emphasis on an opening sentence element | Foregrounding
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| The structure and shape of the text | Form
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| Sounds where air escapes through a small passage e.g. f, v | Fricatives
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| Exaggeration used to heighten feeling and intensity | Hyperbole
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| A unit of poetic meter containing one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable -/ | Iambic
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| A mood that expresses a command | Imperative
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| 'a' | Indefinite Article
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| Where the rhyming sound occurs within a line of verse | Internal rhyme
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| A mood expressing a question | Interrogative mood
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| The quality or tone of the voice in speech | Intonation
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| To place two or more things side by side | Juxtaposition
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| A group of words joined by similarities | Lexical set
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| The term used to describe the vocabulary of a language | Lexis
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| A deliberate understatement | Litotes
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| A description which does not compare one thing with another but actually becomes the other e.g. the trees danced in the wind | Metaphor
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| The point of view of the text i.e. first, second or third person | Mode of address
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| A term used to describe consonants produced with an open nasal passage e.g. m,n | Nasals
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| Any variety that does not conform to the standard form as used by society | Non-standard lexis
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| A naming word | noun
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| An eight line verse | octet
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| The term used to denote words that imitate sounds | onomatopoeia
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| A study of spelling and the ways letters are used in language | Orthography
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| The use of apparently contradictory words in a phrase | Oxymoron
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| Non-verbal communication using gestures, posture and facial expressions | paralinguistic features
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| The patterning of pairs of sounds, words or structures to create a sense of balance | Parallelism
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| A grammatical structure in which the subject and object can change places in order to alter the focus of a sentence e.g. the bone was eaten by the dog | Passive Voice
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| When the environment mirrors emotions | Pathetic Fallacy
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| A unit of poetic meter containing five feet (10 syllables in total) | Pentameter
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| A device in which the non-human is given personal and human qualities e.g. the trees danced in the wind | Personification
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| A poem of 14 lines, divided into an octet and a sestet, written in iambic pentameter, rhyming abbaabbba cdecde (sestet may vary) | Petrarchan/ Italian sonnet
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| Sounds which release a sudden burst of air e.g. p,b,t | plosives
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| A word that shows relationships between nouns or pronouns e.g. on | Preposition
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| A word that replaces a noun | Pronoun
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| A name of a distinctive person, place or other unique reference | Proper nouns
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| The use of pitch, volume, pace and rhythm to draw attention to key elements of spoken language | Prosodic features
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| The reason the text has been produced e.g. to entertain, inform, persuade etc. | Purpose
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| A four-line verse | Quatrain
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| An English accent which has a high social status and is not connected to a specific region | Received Pronunciation
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| The correction of a mistake or misunderstanding in conversation | Repair
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| Saying the same thing more than once | Repetition
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| The pattern of syllables and stresses within poetry | Rhythm
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| A poem with a circular structure which begins and ends similarly | Rondo
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| A six-line verse | Sestet
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| A poem of 14 lines, divided into three quatrains and a couplet, written in iambic pentameter, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg | Shakespearean/ English Sonnet
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| Consonant sounds articulated with a hissing sound e.g. s,z | Sibilants
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| A device which directly compares two things using like or as e.g. the tress swayed in the wind like dancers | Simile
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| A unit of poetic meter containing two stressed syllables // | Spondee
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| The division of lines in a poem, also called a verse | Stanza
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| Verbs that express states of being or processes | Stative Verbs
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| The exaggerated phoneme in any particular word | Stress
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| A word that emphasizes the extremes e.g. best, worst | Superlatives
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| The beats or rhythm in a line of verse | Syllable
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| A device in which a word or phrase represents something else | Symbolism
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| Using conjunctions to join clauses | Syndetic Listing
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| The deliberate alteration of the structure of words in a sentence | Syntax Inversion
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| An interrogative structure attached to the end of a sentence which expects a reply e.g. isn’t it | Tag Question
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| A unit of poetic meter containing four feet (8 syllables in total) | Tetrameter
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| The recurring ideas and images in a text | Themes
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| The style or voice the text is written in e.g. excites, emotional | Tone
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| Transcription A written record of spoken language, which can use symbols and markings to illustrate the distinctive nature of speech | Transcription
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| A unit of poetic meter containing three feet (6 syllables in total) | Trimeter
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| Listing of three items | Tripling
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| A unit of poetic meter containing one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable /- | Trochee
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| The organization of speakers’ contributions to a conversation | Turn Taking
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| A stretch of spoken language used in stead of ‘sentence’ when discussing spoken language | Utterance
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| Words that express states, actions or processes | Verbs
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| The type of poem e.g. sonnet, lyric, ballad, ode, narrative poem etc. | Verse Type
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| The words used to name or refer to people when talking to them | Vocatives
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| The turning point in a sonnet | Volta
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