Chapter 6 American Revolution
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| Second Continental Congress | Assembled in Philadelphia after the fighting at Lexington and Concord. Aimed to raise an army and explore reconciliation with England. However, the king was not receptive, and hopes for reconciliation faded. This perhaps foreshadowed war.
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| George Washington | Took charge of the new Continental Army immediately after Bunker Hill. His appointment showed England that there was widespread commitment to war beyond New England. It was a nation-wide effort.
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| Continental Army | Created by the Continental Congress to defend America. They fought battles at Bunker Hill, Fort Washington, and Fort Lee against the British. Women also served by cooking, washing, and nursing the wounded.
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| Bunker Hill | An early and bloody battle of the Revolution. Howe, the British General, decided to send 2,500 soldiers up the hill to face the Americans head-on. Only on the third assault were the British able to claim the hill; thus, it was a British victory.
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| Olive Branch Petition | An appeal to the king written by John Dickinson. It affirmed loyalty to the monarchy and blamed all troubles on the Parliament. However, the king rejected this appeal, calling the Americans rebels and traitors, thus increasing hostility.
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| Thomas Paine | Wrote Common Sense, an early push for independence. Absurdities of the monarchy, among other things, were discussed in the pamphlet, and thousands of copies were sold in the first few weeks.
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| Declaration of Independence | An act of the Second Continental Congress. Written chiefly by Thomas Jefferson, it explained the justifications for breaking away.
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| Thomas Jefferson | Principal author of the Declaration of Independence. Major events during his presidency include the Louisiana Purchase (1803), the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806) and the failed Embargo Act of 1807.
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| General Howe | An English General who was Commander-in-Chief of British forces during the American Revolutionary War. His record in the war was marked by the unsuccessful attempt to capture Boston and the successful capture of New York City and Philadelphia.
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| The Battle of Long Island | The first major battle in the American Revolutionary War following the United States Declaration of Independence. Though British forces, under Howe, overtook this island, George Washington and his Continental Army were able to escape capture.
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| The Christmas Battle of Trenton | Washington’s quick capture of unsuspecting German soldiers. This restored the sagging morale of the patriot side. The battle preceded another successful capture of British units and supplies at Princeton.
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| Philadelphia Ladies’ Association | A group of women from prominent families who went a step beyond political talk to action. Founded in 1780, they went door to door collecting money to help support the Continental soldiers.
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| Fort Ticonderoga | 1777 – General Burgoyne of Britain captured this fort, an early step of a three-pronged British strategy to defeat the Americans.
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| Battle of Saratoga | The British suffered heavy losses, and Burgoyne was forced to surrender (Oct. 17th, 1777). After this battle the French decide to help fight the British.
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| General Gates | American General who captured the British forces under Burgoyne at Saratoga.
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| Muskets | The weapon of choice in the 18th century for larger game and warfare purposes.
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| The Treaty of Paris | The final official peace treaty that was signed on September 2nd, 1783, ending the War in America. However, Indian concerns were once again overlooked.
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| Benedict Arnold | An American traitor. Britain’s southern strategy was a success partly due to this man secretly passing on American troop movement information to the British.
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| Certificates of debt | An IOU promising repayment with interest. The Congress decided to borrow hard money from the wealthy and give them this IOU, in an attempt to solve economical problems.
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| General Charles Cornwallis | A British General who had success in the South, before continuing to push north and win battles in Virginia. What finally overthrew him was the combined French and American army who bombarded his fortifications at Yorktown.
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| The southern strategy | Was proposed by the king to capture the Southern colonies first. He thought that there were many loyalists in the South, making them easy to capture. However, they were not loyal at all, which ultimately would lead to Britain's defeat.
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| Richard Stockton | He argued that the colonies should be represented in the Parliament. With the passage of the Stamp Act, such arguments were overcome by colonial backlash. In 1774 he was appointed Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey.
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| Joseph Brant (Thayendanega) | A Mohawk leader and British military officer during the American Revolutionary War. In 1775, he traveled to London with the new British Superintendent for Northern Indian affairs. Helped negotiate the Paris Peace Treaty that ended the war.
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| General John Burgoyne | A British general and playwright. During the Revolutionary War, he marched his troop down from Canada rather than land at New York or the Carolinas, and suffered supply problems as he entered the American wilderness.
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| Militias | Groups of citizens called on to fight in times of battle. Fought in much of the Revolutionay War, especially the residental battles.
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| Alexander Hamilton | An Army officer, lawyer, Founding Father, American politician, leading statesman, financier and political theorist. A leader in calling the U.S. Constitutional Convention in 1787 and one of the two leading authors of the Federalist Papers.
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| White Eyes | Leader of the Indians of Coshocton (A Delaware tribe) during the Amer. Rev. He was a strong leader who negotiated many treaties. His mysterious death in 1778 may have been a murder covered up by the US.
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| King Geroge III | King of England 1760-1820. Unpopular with the American Revolutionists, he imposed many taxes and tried to control the US from a distance.
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| Battle of Kings Mountain | An important Patriot victory in the Southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War. Frontier militia overwhelmed the loyalist militia. 698 Loyalists surrendered after many killed and injured.
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| Treasonable Acts | Actions that denied acts of Treason.
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| Hessians | During the Revolutionay War, the British hired 30,067 of conscripted subjects of Germany to fight aganist the patriots. Most came from the Hesse-Kassel area of Germany.
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| Valley Forge | The place where Washington and his troops spent the winter from 1777-1778. He and his troops suffered, but he also used the time to build loyalty and morale.
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| Battle of Camden | An important battle in the of the American Revolutionary War. On August 16, 1780, British forces routed the American regulars and militia about six miles (10 km) in the South, enabling the British to move north towards Philadelphia.
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| The Federalist, number 10 | James Madison’s revolutionary argument that republican government did not have to be small-scale but would in fact benefit from a large and diverse population
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| Three-fifths clause | The agreement that settled the issue of what constituted the population for the purposes of representation, specifically whether slaves counted as property of as people.
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| Antifederalists | Opposed the Constitution. Feared the new govt would be corrupt. Objected the Constitution’s lack of a bill of rights. From rural areas, had suspicion of eastern elites. Strong in states like New York with a strong economy that could remain independent.
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| Federalists | Supporters of the Constitution. They were opposed to the confederation concept. They had positive Revolutionary-era associations and forced the supporters’ opponents to take on a negative-sounding designation.
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| The Great Compromise | This broke the logjam over whether representation be apportioned by population or given equally to each state, regardless of size. This based the number of delegates to the House of Representatives on pop. and gave each state two delegates in the Senate.
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| New Jersey Plan | The central government suggested by delegates from the smaller states of New Jersey, Connecticut, Delaware and New Hampshire. This plan called for a plural presidency and a stronger national Congress in which each state would have one vote.
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| Virginia Plan | James Madison’s plan for a new central government. It repudiated the principle of a confederation of states and set out a three-branch government with the power to veto state legislation and coerce states militarily to obey national laws.
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| Second Continental Congress | A body of representatives appointed by the legislatures of several colonies which met from 1775 to 1781. That Congress had provided that they would meet to plan further responses if the British government had not repealed or modified the Intolerable Acts.
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| Liberty | This term refers to the possession of certain social, political or economic rights such as the right to own property. These were spelled out in the state constitutions that were drawn up and based on “the authority of the people.”
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| Direct democracy | This is a form of democracy where sovereignty is available to all citizens who choose to participate. They can pass executive motions, make laws, elect and dismiss officials, conduct trials. This form of government promotes the people’s welfare.
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| Articles of Confederation | This was the first governing document of the US. It was adopted as binding the states in a loose confederation, a nation capable of making war, negotiating diplomatic agreements, and resolving issues regarding the western territories.
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| Emancipation | The act of freeing from slavery or bondage. This was a goal shared by slaves and abolitionists alike and occurred with the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865.
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| Hard money | Money coined directly from, or backed in full by, precious metals (particularly gold).
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| Republicanism | The belief that the unworkable model of European-style monarchy be replaced with a form of government where supreme power resides in the hands of citizens with the right to vote and is exercised by a representative government answerable to this electorate
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| Suffrage | The right to vote. This term is most often associated with the efforts of American women to secure voting rights.
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| George Mason | He was a United States patriot, statesman, and delegate from Virginia to the U.S. Constitutional Convention. He is called the "Father of the Bill of Rights."
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| Checks and Balances | Under this model the state is divided into branches, and each branch of the state has separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility. Each branch is also able to place specified restraints on the powers exerted by the other branches.
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| Northwest Ordinance | This document was an act of the Continental Congress of the US. The effect was the creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory of the United States out of the region south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River,
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| Shay’s Rebellion | An armed uprising in western Massachusetts from 1786 to 1787 by rebels, led by Daniel Shays, known as Shaysites (or "Regulators"), who were mostly small farmers angered by crushing debt and taxes.
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| Artisans | A skilled manual worker who uses tools and machinery in a particular craft. They were the dominant producers of goods before the Industrial Revolution
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| States’ Rights | A strict interpretation of the Constitution that holds that federal power over states is limited and states hold ultimate sovereignty.
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| Popular sovereignty | Where people hold the final authority in government.
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| The United States Constitution | The supreme law of the United States of America. It was adopted in its original form on September 17, 1787 by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and later ratified by state-selected delegates representing the people of the several
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| Bill of Rights | The commonly used term for the first ten amendments to the U.S Constitution. This document guarantees individual liberties and defines limitations to federal power.
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