Final Review
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| Why do cells divide instead of growing indefinately? | a. the cell places more demands on its DNA. b. The cell has more trouble moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane.
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| Does a cell make extra copies of its DNA as it grows? | no
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| What determines the rate at which food and oxygen in a cell are used up and waste products produced. | The cell's volume.
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| Cell division | the process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
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| How does cell division solve the problem of increasing size? | The DNA replicates, so each new, smaller cell has all the DNA it needs. Its volume is also smaller.
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| Visible chromosomes | only visible during cell division. They consist of condensed DNA and protein molecules that were previously spread throughout the nucleus.
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| Centromere | where each pair of chromatids is attached.
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| Interphase | the period of growth in between cell divisions.
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| Cell cycle | the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.
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| G1 phase | Cells do most of their growing and syntehsize new proteins and organelles.
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| S phase | Chromosomes are replicated and the syntehsis of DNA molecules takes place.
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| G2 phase | Many of the organelles required for cell division are produced
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| Mitosis | the division of the cell nucleus. Consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Also called the M phase.
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| Centrioles | the two tiny structures near the nuclear envelope at the ends of the spindles.
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| Spindle | a fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes
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| Prophase | the chromosomes become visible, the centrioles take up positions of opposite sides of the nucleus
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| Metaphase | the chormosomes line up across the center of the cell.
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| Anaphase | The chromosomes move until they form two groups near the poles of the spindle.
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| Telophase | A nuclear envelope re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes. The nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter nucleus.
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| Cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm itself.
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| Cytokinesis in animal cells | The cell membrane is drawn inward (clevage) until it pinches off into two nearly equal parts.
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| Cytokinesis in plant cells. | A cell plate forms midway between the divide nucleus.
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| Cells grow until | they come in contact with other cells.
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| Cyclins | regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.
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| Cancer | A disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth. They form tumors.
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