Final Review
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| Atom | basic unit of matter
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| Nucleus | center of atom - protons and neutrons
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| Proton | positive
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| Neutron | neutral
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| Electron | negative and orbits the nucleus
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| Chemical element | pure substance consisting of one type of atom
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| Isotopes | same element different electron #
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| Isotopes are identified by... | their mass numbers
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| Isotopes have the same chemical properties because... | they have the same number of electrons
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| Chemical compound | Substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions
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| Chemical bonds | holds compounds together
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| Covalent bond | electrons are shared
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| Ionic bond | electrons are transferred
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| Molecule | structure when atom are joined by covalent bonds
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| Van der Waals forces | Slight attractions between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
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| Water is | polar
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| Water is polar because... | the oxygen pulls the electrons more than the hydrogen
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| Hydrogen bonds | strongest bonds between molecules
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| Cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance
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| Adhesion | attraction between molecules of the different substance
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| Mixture | Material with elements or compounds physically mixed but not chemically combined
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| Greatest solvent in the world | water
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| Suspension | water and nondisolved materials
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| Solute | dissolved substance
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| Solvent | substance in which the solute dissolves
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| Water's neutral because | the number of hydroxide ions is equal to the number to the number of hydrogen ions.
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| pH scale indicates the number of | hydrogen ions
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| The number of ions increases ____ times as you go down one on the pH scale | 10 times
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| Acids | pH below 7, H+ ions in water, more H+ ions than water
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| Bases | alkaline, produces OH- ions, pH above 7, lower H+ than water
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| Carbon rules because | it can bond to lots of stuff
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| Polymerization | process by which macromolecules are formed
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| Polymers | chains of monomers
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| 4 groups of organic compounds | carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
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| Carbohydrates | starches and sugars, main source of energy, stregnth and rigidity in plants and some animals
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| Monosaccharides | single sugar molecules
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| Animals store excess sugar in | glycogen
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| Plants store excess sugar in | plant starch
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| Lipids | made of carbon and hydrogen, fats oils and waxes, glycerol combines with fatty acids to make them, used as parts of biological membranes, to store energy, and as chemical messengers
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| Saturated | all single bonds between carbon atoms
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| Unsaturated | at least on carbon=carbon double bond
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| Polyunsaturated | more than one double bond
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| Nucleic acids contain | hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorous
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| Nucleotides | monomers that make up neucleic acids
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| A nucleotide consists of | five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base
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| 2 kinds of nucleic acids | DNA and RNA
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| Proteins contain | nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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| Amino acids | monomers that make protein
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| Proteins are used for | controlling the rate of reactions and regulating cell processes (like enzymes), forming bones and muscles, transporting substances, and fighting diseases.
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| Chemical reaction | process that changes one set of chemicals into another
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| Reactants | enter a reaction
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| Products | produced by a reaction
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| Chemical reactions involve changes in | chemical bonds
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| Energy is always _____ in chemical reactions | released or absorbed
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| Chemical reactions that absorb energy need | a source of energy to occur
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| Activation energy | the source of energy that gets a reaction started
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| Catalyst | speeds up the rate of a reaction
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| Enzymes | proteins that are biological catalysts
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| Cells use enzymes how? | Speed up chemical reactions in cells
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| An enzyme gets its name from... | the reaction it catylizes
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| Substrates | reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
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| The fit is very precise in the active site | (blank)
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| Enzyme-substrate complex | the binding together of an enzyme and a substrate forms it
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| Cells have proteins that can... | turn enzymes on or off
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