Exam 4: Africa
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| at the center of Pangea;breakup of Pangea- Eurasia and Godwanaland;Africa's move wasn't as drastic,very stable->reason why there is a lack of mountains and there is a plateau surface (75%);dramatic dropoff to the ocean->few harbors and lots of waterfalls | African landforms
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| snow in winter months->tourism-benefits mostly Morocco; elevation=9,000-13,000ft.; sort of arid | Atlas Mountains
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| more lush; elevation=9,000-13,000 ft.; adds variety to animal and vegetation populations | Drakensberg Mountains
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| rich resources -> gold, diamonds, bauxite; major bauxite exporter:Guinea | Guinea Highlands
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| ore for aluminum | bauxite
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| volcanic origins; source of the Bantu migrations; thrived for the Iron Age (`1500BCE); ancient culture hearth | Adamawa Highlands
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| East Africa -> South Africa; Bantu language still dominant in East and South Africa | Bantu Migration
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| volcanic origins; most tectonically active area of Africa; East Africa is separating; coffee | Ethiopian Highlands
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| elevation,tropics, volcanic soil; originated as a crop and was domesticate; native | coffee
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| Mt. Kilimanjaro; symmetrical conic shapes. not part of chains; Mt. Kenya; Mt. Elgon; East Africa separating -> Great Rift Valley | Isolated Volcanic Peaks of East Africa
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| 19,340 feet; Tanzania; stands on its own; tallest peak, permanent snowcap; snowcap has been disappearing because of global warming-> projected to be gone by 2025 | Mt. Kilimanjaro
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| chunks of land sinking down because of crust separating | rift valley
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| Lake Rudolf (Lake Turkana); Lake Albert; Lake Edward; Lake Kivu; Lake Tanganyika (largest in area and depth); and Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa) | The Rift Valley Lakes of East Africa
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| grabens; lakes tend to be very deep- lake volume as a result of depth | The Rift Valley Lakes of east Africa
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| downward faulted block of the earth's crust where lakes are located | graben
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| Africa's largest lake in terms of surface area; not a rift valley lake; not formed by tectonic movement; reflection of drainage patterns | Lake Victoria
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| White Nile and Blue Nile join at | Khartoum in the Sudan
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| world's longest river; exotic stream; flows from a humid area to a dry area; lifeblood of Egypt: built a dam to regulate flow (Aswan High Dam); reservoir created loss of land, loss of soil fertility, salinization of soil, stagnant water | Nile River
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| attracts parasites and disease; snails carrying a flatworm that can cause schistomiasis (bilharzias)-draining nutrients , bleeding of internal organs and death | stagnant water (Nile River)
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| stream doing something unusual; flows from a humid area to a dry area | exotic stream (Nile River)
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| Soviet Union funded, Egypt did not pay back; created Lake Nassar | Aswan Dam (Nile River)
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| Mediterranean Sea creeping up the Nile River; effects on soil | salinization
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| moist area in Niger River Delta; inland delta may occur; empties into Gulf of Guinea; large reserves of of oil and natural gas | Niger River
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| may run dry in course due to dry season; deposits sediments and fertile soils-lots of green | inland delta (Niger River)
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| hydroelectric development; Kariba Dam (cooperative effort, multiple countries sharing funding and the output); flows into Lake Kariba; Victoria Falls (The Smoke that Thunders) | Zambezi River
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| dropoff in elevation- one of the famous features- one of the great natural wonders of the world; one mile wide; named after British Queen Victoria; natives changed name | Victoria Falls (The Smoke that Thunders) (Zambezi River)
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| societies date back farther than anywhere else;no written tradition;had oral tradition; 1500 yrs. ago-central W. Africa-ancient Ghana:know the most about b/c of contact w/ Arab and Berber traders from N. Africa;the very beginnings of the slave trade route | Africa's Ancient States
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| made treks on camel caravans across the Sahara Desert; traded cultural, technology, Islam; 10 degrees north latitude Islam dominated and Arab dominated; ethnic division- also traded salt, gold, ivory, ebony; very beginnings of slave trade route | Arabs and Berbers (Africa's Ancient States)
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| Cross-Saharan route(beginnings of slave trade);E. African Route-most substantial until late 19th century;Trans-Atlantic Route-established by Europeans,most significant;1400-1800:damage estimates 11-60 mill.-who made it to Americas and died along the way | The Slave Trade and the Damage Done
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| Euro. made contact w/ Forest Ppls;engaged in slave trade;colonial U.S.-$,agri.,plantat.;wanted to enslave young males-broke up families;Tri. Trade-Euro.,Afr.,col. Ame.,packed into ships,huge # to Brazil and the Carib,based out of the mouth of the Congo R. | Trans-Atlantic Route
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| dates back to slave trade; began in late 1800s; "the scramble"- wanted gold, God, and glory-primary reason was exploitation; new powers- Germany and Italy:civilizing the Africans; "White man's burden"; solution:(1884-1885) Berlin Conference | The Age of Colonialism and Imperialism
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| Otto Von Bismarck- German chancellor came up w/; set boundaries for imperial countries in Africa- France, Great Britain, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Germany, Portugal; U.S. sent reps. but did not want part in Africa | The Age of Colonialism and Imperialism
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| sizable holding; adapted to local areas and cultural diversity; indirect and direct rule; protectorate system | The British
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| sign treaties a/ some rulers to keep up day-to-day administration and allow British to come in occasionally | indirect rule (The British)
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| large number of British colonists in an area- British had more control over an area | direct rule (The British)
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| ppl asked Britain to protect them from other imperialists and even British colonists- Botswana and the Bushmen, the Harmless People- Kalahari Desert | protectorate system (The British)
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| N.W.Africa-none s. of the Congo;Mission civilisatrise;created elite to run col.-hierarchy(Algeria-closest to France&largest French col. pop.-close proximity,similar climate,&small native pop.);investments in infra.(rds,rr,edu.)& influence of Roman Cathol. | The French
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| modernize native Africans w/ French culture- noble and righteous thing to do; created a local elite; civilizing mission | Mission civilisatrise (The French)
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| first colonial presence; sailed around Africa and set up ports; no longer power when scramble began; small islands and Southern West and East coast; assimilaado/assimilation | The Portuguese
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| assimilation;strong authoritarian rule but didn't have intermarriage btwn. Portuguese & natives-allowed natives to become Portuguese citizens-never intended countries to become independent-created trouble when time for independence came around | assimiladao (The Portuguese)
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| 1 colony(Congo);private colony of King Leopold II(took $ out of private accounts for the colony);admin. was most brutal(5-15 million died)of any imperial country;1908-Parlia. took colony away from Leopold;paternalism;broke into 6 colonies; Civil Wars | The Belgians
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| condescending; taught how to farm for profit | paternalism (The Belgians)
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| stay very brief;sizable holdings-Togo,Cameroon,German East Africa(Tanzania),Rwanda-Urundi(Rwanda & Burundi),German South West Africa(Nauribia),Union of South Africa; colonies taken away after WWII,League of Nations Mandate;given to other imperial counties | The Germans
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| superimposed boundaries;Organization of African Unity(AOU);balkanization;lack of industrial development;economic dependence on mother country;imbalance of trade;1960-preparation for independence | The Legacy of Colonialism/Imperialism
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| desertification in the Sahel(growing southward) from overgrazing; rural-to-urban migration- moving to cities because of famine/desertif.->slums& overcrowding;tropical deforest. in Congo River Basin&Madagascar-loss of biodiversity,endangerment,& extinction | Current Issues in Africa
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| more damage than slave trade;35 mil. infected;pandemic;spread of disea.-heterosexual;life expectancy dec.(Botswana);"brain drain";E. Africa&Uganda hit hardest in 1980s;S. Africa&Swaziland-currently hit hardest;anti-retroviral drug "cocktails";socialdise. | HIV/AIDS
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| close relationship w/ U.S.-1st non-European country to recognize U.S. independence;big issue w/ Western Sahara-tried to fully annex, claimed Spain stole, withdrew from AU | Morocco
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| Spanish colony(Spanish Sahara);independence in 1976-Spain withdrew;wanted to get Spanish out(Polisario);Mauritania and Morocco invaded; essentially Moroccan territory; world's largest deposits of phosphates-could secure 40% of world's supply | Western Sahara
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| top of French hierarchy;French assimilation;substantial French pop.(expatriate pop.)-pressed France to keep this country;Civil War(War for Independence)1954-1962;Charles de Gaulle withdrew his support from French pop.;abundant reserves of oil &natural gas | Algeria
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| peaceful;pol. stability;Mediterranean agri.&tourism;ancient Carthage ruins;Star Wars;Changes:instability,lack of opp.WikiLeaks-U.S. didn't really back gov., dictator stepped down | Tunisia
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| once poorest country; Khadafy in power(Jekyll&Hyde of Middle East)-rogue state,funded internat. terror.,Pan Bombing,tried to make country investments(Great Man-made River Project from Kofra Oasis),pop.unhappy w/,refuses to step down(CivilWar),air strikes | Libya
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| pop.density$distr.-96%on4%of land;long-staple cotton&rice-major crops;30yr. dictator;Camp David Accords-Anwar Sadat-peace w/ Israel;Mubarak-brutal&oppress.,against radical Islamic fund.,protests in Cairo,named son as successor,has stepped down | Egypt
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| largest in Africa-could split;straddling regional boundaries(superimposed);Muslim maj. in gov.&Christ. min.-Civil War for 40 yrs.; S. min. voted to split away-gov. (Khartoum will recog);W. regions-Darfur-ethnicity diff. (Arab v. Black)-genocide | The Sudan
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| common qualities-mostly large, low pop. density, semi-arid climate, livestock, grazing, ranching, nomadic herding, rapid growth, desertification, Islam ;Ethiopia is exception to almost all qualities | The Sahel
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| had to give up all claims to Western Sahara-too much $-trying to spend 40& of GDP occupying Western Sahara | Mauritania
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| draws name from ancient empire-totally removing colonial influence; home to Timbuktu-thrived during cross-Saharan trade, Europeans cut out of trade loop | Mali
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| landlocked country; part of French West Africa; made lot of investments-rail network; capital city (Ouagadougou) important rail hub; going through pol. unrest- cutting off privileges to military; relationship w/ Cote d' Ivoire instability spreading | Burkina Faso
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| U.S. (Bush) claims Iraq was getting uranium from; France gets uranium from here | Niger
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| Libya tried to invade;disrupted from Darfur refugee crisis-millions crossed over-hard to take care of;can be exploited-recruitment tool-shatterbelt | Chad
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| exception to many Sahel rules; relationship w/ Eritrea; Christian kingdom for 200 yrs.;1936 Italian invasion-Mussolini wanted to reestablish Roman empire; independent during colonialism/imperialism | Ethiopia
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| lumped in w/ Ethiopia after WWII-previously a colony when ethiopia was a kingdom-broke away in 1993-change in boundary- broke OAU charter-annexation; not a velvet divorce- Ethiopia landlocked wanted Red Sea port | Eritrea
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| former French colony-strategic location; is a French military base-allows U.S. to use during War on Terror to monitor E. Africa and Arabian peninsula; 1998 Kenya and Tanzania U.S. Embassy bombings-country valued for allowing U.S. occupancy | Djibouti
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| failed state(broken gov);British Somaliland(acting independent for 20 yrs.);Italian Somaliland(acting independent);rest controlled by warlords;Mogadishu-capital city&"central" gov.;Indian Ocean-piracy hijack oil tankers holding for ransom-lack of opportu. | Somalia
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| a lot of different societies(diverse); highlands-tropical forests; mango trees | West Africa
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| Dakar-French W. Africa colonial administration | Senegal
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| super-imposed boundaries;British wanted access-British imperialism on the Gamba River;Senegambia(Senegal and Gambia)tried to form a loose confederation that only lasted a few years and went away | The Gambia
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| Portuguese imperialism;Bolama archipelago(group of islands)-unique social system-one of world's last remaining matriarchal societies but disappearing and changing b/c of Muslim and Christian missionaries | Guines-Bissau
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| major bauxite exporter-large bauxite resources in the Guinea Highlands; 1958- independence-French colony-independence now option-cut ties w/ France;assistance from Soviet Union-took a marxism route-set back economic system- abandoned this route | Guinea
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| founded by freed British slaves;still a British colony atmosphere;indigenous tribes still resided there when slaves arrived-divisions and instability-civil war;blood diamonds and child militias | Sierra Leone
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| founded by freed America slaves;remained independent during colonial period; close w/ U.S.-influences;rubber plantations;indigenous tribes still resided-divisions and instability-civil war;blood diamonds and child militias | Liberia
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| cacao production-major producer;1960 independence-ruled by Felix Houphouet-Boigny-success story during his rule;death-power vacuum-civil war;Abidjan-Paris of Africa-largest city-French administration; recent violence-France stepped in | Cote d' Ivoire
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| cacao producer;sub-Saharan-African indep.(Kwame Nkruman indep. leader)1st black indep. leader-critic of imperial.-leader of the entire cont.-Ghana's 1st pres.-overthrown(1966)-period of instability;1981-Jerry Rawlings-promised democr.-peaceful trans. | Nigeria
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| oil and natural gas deposits; per capita income ranked highly in Africa, but distribution of wealth is bad, very few individuals are wealthy and the rest are poor | Cameroon and Gabon
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| consists of several islands;former Spanish colony-Spanish Guinea;benefits from oil deposits | Equatorial Guinea
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| affected by Darfur refugee crisis;bizarre regime-1970s-Jean-Bedel Bokassa(Emperor Bokassa I)-renamed country Central African Empire-coronation very extravagant(all French aid for one year)-corruption-France got him out of power; instability recently | Central African Republic
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| center for French Equatorial Africa;capital-Brazzaville-critical city during WWII-Free French Resistance held their mtgs. there against Germans-brief capital of France | Congo Republic
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| resource,variety of landscape&hydroelectric potential;Belgians ruined;independence in 1960;Joseph Mobutu(Sese Seko)power for 30 yrs.(1965)-worst kleptocracy-resistance mvmt.-built up army w/ Rwanda refugees-led by Laurant Kabla-supported by Rwanda& Uganda | Democratic Republic of the Congo
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| Mobutu renamed Zaire;exiled 1997;Kabila-power;Rwanda&Uganda wanted land but denied;began backing new resist. mvmt.; Kabila had allies:Namibia,Angola,Zimbabwe-"Africa's First World War"-Kabila assassinated-son-power;instability&bad leadership-shatterbelt | Democratic republic of the Congo
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| German imper.;Hutu&Tutsi divisions;Belgium League of Nat. Mandate-Belgium took over-favored Tutsis(min. rule);pres. of both nations killed-Genocide(1994)-many died in weeks;noone intervened;Tutsis took power;1996 Burundi War-more fighting btw. the groups | Rwanda and Burundi
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| British imper.;1971-Idi Amin Dad overthrew Milton Obote-critic of British presence;sig.S.Asian min.(eco. success.);allow hijack plane to land in Entebbe-pol.embarrass;1979-attacked Tanzania-overthrew Idi Amin-exiled into Saudi Arabia;unstable-rebel groups | Uganda
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| reliant on tourism b/c of savannas; many species threatened b/c of poaching; Serengeti national Park; home to Mt. Kilimanjaro | Kenya and Tanzania
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| stable democracy for 40 yrs.; one of best credit ratings; diamonds(Debswana);HIV/AIDS- one of Africa's best free anti-retroviral drug programs | Botswana
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| industrialization;large eco.;gold&diamonds;gold-dutch around Cape Town-found gold-British kicked out & Dutch relocated;diamonds-Kimberly 1980s farmer found-Boer Wars;Botswana,Lesotho,Swaziland,Namibia eco. tied to;Da Beers-control diamonds;indep. in 1910 | Republic of South Africa
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| white min. regime-apartheid;tight police state;Nelson Mandela-S.A's 1st black pres.; perforated state(Lesotho)& kkind of Swaziland | Republic of South Africa
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