The Expanding Republic 1815-1840
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| The Market Revolution | A period of great economic change due to the industrial revolution where the concept of supply and demand became very prominent. Additionally, better transportation methods became available and a larger city population was formed.
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| Robert Fulton | Inventor of the steamboat, which greatly improved transportation and transformed the transportation methods of this era. The steamboat was able to travel upstream, thus increasing trade. Also designed the first steam warship.
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| Lowell Massachusetts | A town that centralized cloth production, created by the Boston entrepreneurs. Women flocked to this town because of the work. Close moral supervision of the female workers was carried out in dormitories. Led to a dramatic change in the roles of women.
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| Andrew Jackson | The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), nicknamed "Old Hickory". A great war general and hero, he won the Elections of 1828 and 1832. He is best known for his Trail of Tears.
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| Panic of 1819 | A depression caused by banks calling in loans, leading to an extreme shortage of cash. This lack of cash created a cycle of booms and busts in the economy. A similar depression ensued in Europe.
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| Whigs | A new political party that emerged in 1830s, made of liberators, reformers, business people, and middle class citizens. This party defied past political ideals, and took government into a new era of political campaigning.
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| Democrats | Jackson's very conservative political party whose opposition was the Whigs. In the 1830's, the new country had solidified its political parties down to two main parties, this party being one of them.
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| Election of 1828 | The first election that was determined by popular votes. New campaign styles- rallies, picnics, banquets, newspapers, increased media coverage. The politicians not only aimed to boost themselves, but cut down opponents.
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| President of the “common man” | The way Jackson portrayed himself during the election and his tenure, offering unprecedented hospitality to the public. Led to him winning the election of 1828 and implementing "Jackson's Democratic Agenda" during his presidency.
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| Jackson’s Democratic Agenda | Included the re-settlement of Indians, rapid settlement of the nation's interior, exercising full presidential powers, and only appointing loyalists to government posts. This led to the Trail of Tears, and the settlement of the west.
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| Separate Spheres of Influence | The concept that men were the breadwinners and women's work belonged in the home, unseen by society.
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| Public Schooling | A realization that there should be more schooling, which tax payers paid for. Women were hired as teachers because they were cheaper then men, and this ultimately formed the traditional women's teaching role in society.
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| Popularity of theatres | Plays, dances, etc were more popular and accessible at this time. People could afford entertainment, so this industry boomed as the economy boomed. Leisure increases as there is a demand for downtime.
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| The Second Great Awakening | This was a re-awakening of faith and religion. Many people’s religious beliefs were renewed, and church membership doubled, especially in evangelical sects.
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| Charles Grandison Finney | He was a lawyer who converted to a minister. He was the leading religious minister of the 2nd great awakening. He targeted the business class. He spread the idea that the need for religion was widespread.
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| The American Temperance movement | Its leaders tried to moderate alcohol and sex. They wanted limited abuse, not total abolition.
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| Lyman Beecher | He founded the American Temperance Society in 1826, which raised alcohol abuse awareness. It held that drinking led to poverty, idleness, crime and family violence.
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| “moral reform” | A movement to eradicate sexual sin, prostitution, public sin and slavery.
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| The Liberator | A newspaper founded in 1831 in Boston by William Lloyd Garrison that advocated immediate abolition. This newspaper was used to publicize the concerns of abolition.
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| William Lloyd Garrison | The man who founded The Liberator in order to abolish slavery completely. This was the beginning of the voicing of concern for the blacks.
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| Abolitionists | People who were against slavery. Women outnumbered men in this group. It created a huge rift in American society.
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| Jackson’s Indian Policy | This policy saw the Indians as a problem that needed to be solved. Led to the Indian Removal act of 1830 and created economic, social, and political disadvantages and problems for Indians.
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| Indian Removal Act of 1830 | Jackson’s $500,000 plan to relocate Indians west of the Mississippi River. It lowered Indian numbers in the east and created much strife, which would continue for generations to come.
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| Worcester v. Georgia | A court case between the Cherokee Indians and the State of Georgia. The supreme court found that the Cherokees were not subject to federal law. Jackson ignored this ruling and relocated them.
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| Trail of Tears | Jackson ordered troops to deport the Indians under armed guard so that they would march 1200 miles away from their homes. Jackson overruled the Supreme Court, the Indians were deported and many died, yet the Americans continued to forage west.
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| Tariff of Abominations | A tax on British manufactured goods that particularly hurt South Carolina. Calhoun believed that this tariff proved that Congress had overstepped its limits. He suggested nullification.
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| John C. Calhoun | A South Carolinan who was against the Tariff of Abominations and therefore drew up a statement called Nullification suggesting that states could veto any federal laws that were unconstitutional.
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| Nullification | This was an idea that stated that the states should have the right to abolish decisions put in place by Congress. It is the first step towards secession and the civil war.
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| Force Bill | This defined South Carolina’s actions as treason and sent the military in to collect the federal tariffs. Congress was taking a stand against the states and exerting its federal powers.
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| The Bank War | This was a dispute between the Bank of the United States and President Jackson because the bank wanted to renew its charter but Jackson vetoed it. Although Jackson was strongly exerting his federal powers, he was still re-elected.
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| Specie Circular | After the Bank of United States is closed Jackson only allowed land to be bought with Gold and Silver instead of credit. It is a major contributor to the Panic of 1837.
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| Panic of 1837 | An economic depression, one of the most severe financial crises in the history of the United States. Brought about by Jackson's policies. It was the demise of the Martin Van Buren presidency.
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| Martin Van Buren | President of United States, Democrat, inaugurated 1836, nicknamed "Old Kinderhook." He came to office one month before the Panic of 1837, and was blamed for it, destroying any chance of his reelection.
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| William Henry Harrison | An American military leader, politician, and the ninth President of the United States. Gained fame as a war hero, defeating American Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.
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