Hy - Essential Pharm - One-Liners
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| Time it takes for amount of drug to fall to half of its value, constant in first order kinetics (majority of drugs) | Half-life (T1/2)
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| This step of metabolism makes drug more hydrophilic and hence augments elimination | Phase I
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| Inducers of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) | Barbiturates, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and rifampin
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| Inhibitors of CYP450 | Cimetidine, ketoconazole, erythromycin, isoniazid and grapefruit
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| Ability of drug to produce a biologic effect | Efficacy
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| Mechanism of action (MOA) utilizes intracellular receptors | Thyroid and steroid hormones
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| MOA utilizes transmembrane receptors | Insulin
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| Antidote used for organophosphate/anticholinesterase poisoning | Atropine, pralidoxime (2-PAM)
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| Antidote used for acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity | N-acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)
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| Antidote used for heparin toxicity | Protamine
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| Antidote used for warfarin toxicity | Vitamin and Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)
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| Antidote for tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), streptokinase | Aminocaproic acid
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| Antidote used for opioid toxicity | Naloxone (IV), naltrexone (PO)
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| Antidote used for benzodiazepine toxicity | Flumazenil
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| Interaction with this drug requires dose reduction of 6-MP | Allopurinol
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| May protect against doxorubicin toxic by scavenging free radicals | Dexrazoxane
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| Blows DNA (breaks DNA strands), limiting SE is pulmonary fibrosis | Bleomycin
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| Interact with microtubules (but unlike vinca which prevent disassembly of tubules), it stabilizes tubulin and cells remain frozen in metaphase | Paclitaxel (taxol)
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| Anti-estrogen used for estrogen receptor + breast cancer | Tamoxifen
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| Anti-emetics used in association with anti-cancer drugs that are 5-HT3 (serotonin receptor subtype ) antagonist | Odansetron, granisetron
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| Dopamine (DA) agonist (for Parkinson's disease), used also for hyperprolactinemia | Bromocriptine
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| Hormone inhibiting prolactin release | Dopamine
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| ACTH analog used for diagnosis of patients with corticosteroid abnormality | Cosyntropin
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| Synthetic analog of ADH hormone used for diabetes insipidus and nocturnal enuresis | Desmopressin (DDAVP)
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| Most widely used thyroid drugs such as Synthroid and Levoxyl contain | L-thyroxine (T4)
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| Thioamide less likely to cross placenta, inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 in high doses, and should be used with extreme caution in pregnancy | PTU
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| PTU (propylthiouracil) MOA | Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking iodination of the tyrosine residues of thyroglobulin
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| Some side effects of corticosteroids | Osteopenia, impaired wound healing, inc. risk of infection, inc. appetite, HTN, edema, PUD, euphoria, psychosis
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| Diuretic used to antagonize aldosterone receptors | Spironolactone
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| Common SE of spironolactone | Gynecomastia and hyperkalemia
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| Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used for prevention of osteoporosis and currently being tested for treatment of breast cancer (Stars study) | Raloxifene
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| Non-steroidal estrogen agonist causes clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used it during pregnancy | Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
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| Converted to more active form DHT by 5 alpha-reductase | Testosterone
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| Drug is used with testosterone for male fertility | Leuprolide
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| Product of proinsulin cleavage used to assess insulin abuse | C-peptide
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| Exogenous insulin | Little C-peptide
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| Long acting insulin | Ultralente (humulin U)
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| Amino acid derivative | Nateglinide
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| Increase bone density, also being tested for breast CA tx. | Raloxifene (SERM-selective estrogen receptor modulator)
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| Used intranasally and decreases bone resorption | Calcitonin (salmon prep)
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| Drug that causes contraction of the uterus | Oxytocin
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| Distribution of histamine receptors H1, H2, and H3 | Smooth muscle; stomach, heart, and mast cells; nerve endings, CNS respectively
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| Prototype antagonist of H1 and H2 receptors | Diphenhydramine and impromidine respectively
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| 1st generation antihistamine that is highly sedating | Diphendydramine
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| 2nd generation antihistamines | Fexofenadine, loratadine, and cetirizine
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| H2 blocker that causes the most interactions with other drugs | Cimetidine
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| 5HT-1d agonist used for migraine headaches " | Sumatriptan, naratriptan, and rizatriptan
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| Agents for reduction of postpartum bleeding | Ergonovine and ergotamine
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| Agents used in treatment of carcinoid tumor | Ketanserin cyproheptadine, and phenoxybenzamine
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| "5HT-3 antagonist used in chemotherapeutic induced |
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| emesis " | "Ondansetron, granisetron,
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| dolasetron and alosetron " |
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| DOC of chemo induced nausea and vomiting | Odansetron
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| Ergot alkaloid used as an illicit drug | LSD
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| Dopamine agonist used in hyperprolactinemia | Bromocriptine
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| Mediator of tissue pain, edema, inactivated by ACE, and may be a contributing factor to the development of angioedema | Bradykinin
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| Drug causing depletion of substance P (vasodilator) | Capsaicin
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| Prostaglandins that cause abortions | Prostaglandin E1 (misoprostol) PGE2, and PGF2alpha
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| Inhibitor of lipoxygenase | Zileuton
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| Used in pediatrics to maintain patency of ductus arteriosis | PGE1
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| Prostaglandin used in the treatment impotence | Alprostadil
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| MOA and effect of nitric oxide | Stimulates cGMP which leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation
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| Muscarinic antagonist used in asthma | Ipratropium
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| MOA action of cromolyn | Mast cell stabilizer
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| SE of long term (>5 days) corticosteroid therapy and remedy | Adrenal suppression and weaning slowly, respectively
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| MOA of quinolones | Inhibit DNA gyrase
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| Drug used for MRSA | Vancomycin
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| Vancomycin MOA | Blocks peptidoglycan synthesis
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| Meningitis prophylaxis in exposed patients | Rifampin
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| Technique used to diagnose perianal itching, and the drug used to treat it | "Scotch tape technique
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| and mebendazole" |
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| MOA of sulfonamides | Inhibit dihydropteroate synthase
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| Cheap wide spectrum antibiotic DOC of otitis media | Amoxicillin
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| DOC for tx of pseudomembranous colitis | Metronidazole
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| Anemia caused by trimethoprim | Megaloblastic anemia
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| DOC for giardia, bacterial vaginosis, pseudomembranous colitis, and trichomonas | Metronidazole
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| Treatment for TB patients (think RIPE) | Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol
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| Common side effect of Rifampin | Red urine discoloration
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| DOC for influenza A | Amantadine
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| DOC for RSV | Ribavirin
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| HIV antiviral class known to have severe drug interactions by causing inhibition of metabolism | Protease inhibitors
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| Drug used for N. gonorrhea in females | Ceftriaxone
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| DOC for herpes and its MOA | Acyclovir and inhibits thymidine kinase Acyclovir and inhibits thymidine kinase
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| Anti-microbials that cause hemolysis in G6PD-deficient patients | Sulfonamides
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| Anti-biotic frequently used for chronic UTI prophylaxis | sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim
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| Major effect of benzodiazepines on sleep at high doses | REM is decreased
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| Reason benzos are used cautiously in pregnancy | Ability to cross the placenta
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| Antidote to benzodiazepine overdose (antagonist that reverses the CNS effects) | Flumazenil
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| Agent that is metabolized to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase and microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) | Ethanol
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| System that increases in activity with chronic exposure and may contribute to tolerance | MEOS
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| The most common neurologic abnormality in chronic alcoholics | Peripheral neuropathy (also excessive alcohol use is associated with HTN, anemia, and MI)
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| Drugs of choice for generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures | Valproic acid and Phenytoin
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| Drugs of choice for absence seizures | Ethosuximide and valproic acid
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| Drug of choice for myoclonic seizures | Valproic acid
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| Anti-seizure drugs used also for pain of neuropathic orgin | Gabapentin
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| SE of phenytoin | Gingival hyperplasia, nystagmus, diplopia and ataxia
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| DOC for malignant hyperthermia that may be caused by use of halogenated anesthetics | Dantrolene
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| Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, it accelerates recovery from benzodiazepine overdose | Flumazenil
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| Opioid associated with respiratory depression, but is used in high risk patients who may not survive full general anesthetia | Fentanyl
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| DOC for malignant hyperthermia by acting on the sacroplasmic reticulum or skeletal muscle | Dantrolene
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| Antipsychotics, reserpine at high doses, and MPTP (by-product of illicit meperidine analog) and is irreversible | Drug induced Parkinsonism
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| Side effects occuring in antipsychotics that block dopamine | Hyperprolactinemia, menorrhea, galactorrhea, confusion, mood changes, decreased sexual interest, and weight gain
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| Antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia | Risperidone
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| Atypical antipsychotic causing high prolactin levels | Risperidone
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| Drug used in neuroleptic malignant syndrome | Dantrolene
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| Antipsychotic having the strongest autonomic effects | Thioridazine
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| Agent having no effect on D2 receptors, blocks D4, reserved for resistant schizophrenia, and can cause agranulocytosis | Clozapine
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| Anti-psychotic not shown to cause tardive dyskinesia | Clozapine
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| Major route of elimination for Lithium | Kidneys
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| Patients being treated with lithium, who are dehydrated, or taking diuretics concurrently, could develop | Lithium toxicity
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| DOC for bipolar affective disorder | Lithium
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| SE of lithium | Tremor, sedation, ataxia, aphasia, thyroid enlargement, and reversible diabetes insipidus
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| TCA used in chronic pain, enuresis, and ADD | Imipramine
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| Heterocyclic antidepressants least likely to affect sexual performance, used for management of nicotine withdrawal, SE's include dizziness, dry mouth, aggravation of psychosis, and seizures | Bupropion
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| Activation of these receptors close Ca2+ ion channels to inhibit neurotransmitter release | Presynaptic mu, delta, and kappa receptors
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| Tolerance to all effects of opioid agonists can develop except | Miosis and constipation
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| Opioid used in the management of withdrawal states | Methadone
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| Opioid available trans-dermally | Fentanyl
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| Opioid that can be given PO, by epidural, and IV, which helps to relieve the dyspnea of pulmonary edema | Morphine
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| Moderate opioid agonists | Codeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone
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| Opioid antagonist that is given IV and had short DOA | Naloxone
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| Opioid antagonist that is given orally in alcohol dependency programs | Naltrexone
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| Readily detected markers that may assist in diagnosis of the cause of a drug overdose include | Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, body temperature, sweating, bowel signs, and pupillary responses
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| Leads to respiratory depression progressing to coma and death | Overdose of opioids
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| This agent may cause more severe, rapid and intense symptoms to a recovering addict | Naloxone
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| "Date rape drug" | Flunitrazepam (rohypnol)
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| These agents are CNS depressants | Ethanol, Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines
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| Treatments available for nicotine addiction | Patches, gum, nasal spray, psychotherapy, and bupropion
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| THC is active ingredient, SE's include impairment of judgment, and reflexes, decreases in blood pressure and psychomotor performance occur | Marijuana
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| This agent has greater affinity for muscarinic receptors and used for postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention | Bethanechol
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| Toxicity of organophosphate: | DUMBELSS (diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchoconstriction, excitation of skeletal muscle and CNS, lacrimation, salivation, and sweating)
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| Treat manifestations of Parkinson's disease and EPS | Benztropine, trihexyphenidyl
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| Treatment of motion sickness | Scopolamine
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| Produce mydriasis and cycloplegia | Atropine, homatropine tropicamide
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| Bronchodilation in asthma and COPD | Ipratropium
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| Pneumonic for beta receptors | You have 1 heart (Beta 1) and 2 lungs (Beta 2)
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| This is the drug of choice for anaphylactic shock | Epinephrine
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| These agents decrease blood flow or increase blood pressure, are local decongestant, and used in therapy of spinal shock (temporary maintenance of blood pressure which may help maintain perfusion | Alpha1 agonists
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| Alpha 1 agonist toxicity | Hypertension
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| Selective Alpha 1 blocker used for hypertension, BPH, may cause first dose orthostatic hypotension | Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin
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| SelectiveB1 Receptor blockers that may be useful in treating patients with asthma | Acebutolol, atenolol, esmolol, metoprolol
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| This beta blocker lacks local anesthetic activity (decreases protective reflexes and increases the risk of corneal ulceration) and used in treating glaucoma | Timolol
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| These Beta blockers decrease aqueous secretion | Timolol (nonselective), betaxolol (selective)
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| Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) | Ace inhibitors
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| Captopril and enalapril (-OPRIL ending) are | Ace inhibitors
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| SE of ACE inhibitors | Dry cough, hyperkalemia
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| Ace inhibitors are contraindicated in | pregnancy and with K+
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| Losartan and valsartan block | Angiotensin receptor
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| Angiotensin receptor blockers do NOT cause | Dry cough
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| CCB contraindicated in CHF | Verapamil
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| SE of CCB | Constipation, edema, and headache
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| Reduce heart rate, contractility, and O2 demand | Beta-blockers
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| Cardioselective Beta 1-blockers | Atenolol, acebutolol, and metoprolol
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| SE of beta blockers | Bradycardia, SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, decrease in HDL, and increase in Triglycerols (TG)
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| Alpha 1selective blockers | Prazosin, terazosin and doxazosin (-AZOSIN ending)
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| A1a-selective blocker used for BPH | Tamsulosin (Flomax)
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| SE of alpha blockers | Orthostatic hypotension (especially with first dose) and reflex tachycardia
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| Methyldopa is contraindicated in | Geriatrics due to its CNS (depression) effects
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| SE of hydralazine | Lupus-like syndrome
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| Diuretic used for mountain sickness and glaucoma | Acetazolamide
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| SE of acetazolamide | Paresthesias, alkalization of the urine (which may ppt. Ca salts), hypokalemia, acidosis, and encephalopathy in patients with hepatic impairment
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| Site of action of loop diuretics | Thick ascending limb
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| SE of loop (furosemide) diuretics | Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia and ototoxicity
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| Loops lose and thiazide diuretics retain | Calcium
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| Site of action of thiazide diuretics | Work at early distal convoluted tubule
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| SE of thiazide (HCTZ) diuretics | Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia and hyperglycemia
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| Potassium sparing diuretics inhibit | Na+/K+ exchange
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| Diuretic used to treat primary aldosteronism | Spironolactone
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| SE of spironolactone | Gynecomastia hyperkalemia, and impotence
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| Osmotic diuretic used for increased intracranial pressure | Mannitol
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| ADH agonist used for pituitary diabetes insipidus | Desmopressin (DDAVP)
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| MOA of class I A (eg. Procainamide), class IB (eg. Lidocaine), and class IC (eg. Flecainide) antiarrhythmics | Sodium channel blockers
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| SE of procainamide | Lupus-like syndrome
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| Limiting side effect of Quinidine | Prolongs QT interval
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| DOC for management of acute Ventricular arrhythmias | Lidocaine
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| Life threatening cardiac event that prolong QT leads to | Torsades de pointes
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| MOA of sildenafil (Viagra) | Inhibits phosphodiesterase-5, enhancing effects of nitric oxide-activated increases in cGMP
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| MOA of nitrates | Relax vascular smooth muscle, at low doses dilate veins and at high doses dilate arterioles
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| Vitamin K dependent anticoagulant | Warfarin (PT)
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| Heparin (PTT) increases activity of | Antithrombin 3
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| Antidote to reverse actions of heparin | Protamine sulfate
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| SE of Aspirin | GI bleeding
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| MOA of thrombolytics | Degradation of fibrin clots and are administered
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| Thrombolytics are used for | Pulmonary embolism and DVT
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| Agent for pernicious anemia | Cyanocobalamin (Vit B12)
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| Agent used for megaloblastic anemia (but does NOT reverse neurologic symptoms) and decrease neural tube defects during pregnancy | Folic acid
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| Agent used for anemias associated with renal failure | Erythropoietin
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| Drug or foods (grapefruit juice) that increase statin effect | Inhibit Cytochrome P450 3A4
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| Monitoring parameter to obtain before initiation of STATINS | LFT's
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| Decreases liver triglycerol synthesis | Niacin
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| SE of niacin | Cutaneous flush
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| Fibrates (gemfibrozil) increase activity of | Lipoprotein lipase
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| Agent used for closure of patent ductus arteriosus | Indomethacin
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| Acetaminophen only has | Antipyretic and analgesic activity
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| Antidote for acetaminophen toxicity | N-acetylcysteine
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| DMARDs are slow acting drugs for | Rheumatic disease
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| NSAIDS used in gout | Indomethacin and phenylbutazone
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| Allopurinol treats chronic gout by inhibiting | Xanthine oxidase
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