honors bio chapter 4-the chemical basis of life
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| macromolecule | a large molecule, usually in DNA or large proteins
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| monomer | a sub-unit of a polymer
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| polymer | molecules with repeating sub units called monomers
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| biopolymer | a molecule with repeating sub-units associated with living things
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| name the 4 biopolymers | proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
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| polymerization | the process in which monomers join to form polymers
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| mixture | a physical association of substances. no new compunds formed.
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| solution | a mixture where one material dissolves in another
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| suspension | a mixture that does not completely mix together, shows settling
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| colloid | shares some characteristics of a solution and a suspension. bigger molecules, cytoplasm and jell-o are examples
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| homogeneous | has the same uniform appearance throughout
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| heterogeneous | not a uniform appearance, shows settling
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| organic | carbon-containing
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| inorganic | no carbon
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| solute | in a mixture, the material that gets dissolved into another material
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| solvent | the material that another material is dissolved into
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| the universal solvent | water
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| monosaccharide | one monomer unit of carbohydrates
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| disaccharide | a carb molecule with two monosccharide units
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| glucose, fructose, and galactose | 3 monosaccharide isomers
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| maltose, sucrose, lactose | 3 disaccharide isomers
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| glucose+glucose= | maltose
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| glucose+fructose= | sucrose
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| glucose+galactose= | lactose
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| polysaccharides | most complex carbohydrates
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| starch, cellulose, glycogen | 3 polysaccharide isomers
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| the repeating unit that makes up starch, cellulose, and glycogen | glucose
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| carbohydrate | 4 c/g, contains C,H,O 2:1 hydrogen:oxygen ratio
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| Lipid | contains C,H,O no definite ratio h:o
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| lipid monomers? | 3 fatty acids and one glycerol
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| single-bonded lipid is s or u? | saturated
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| double-bonded lipid is s or u? | unsaturated
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| starches | anything made from flour
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| glycogen | "animal starch" we make it in liver
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| cellulose | cell walls of plants, hard to digest
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| water on left of equation | hydrolysis b/c water is added
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| sucrose+water= | glucose+fructose
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| water on right of eqation | dehydration synthesis b/c water taken out
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| polar molecule | has an uneven dist. of electrons so its + at one end and - at the other
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| # of bonds on a hydrogen atom | 1
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| # of bonds on a oxygen atom | 2
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| # of bonds on a nitrogen atom | 3
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| # of bonds on a carbon atom | 4
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| hydrogen ions in ____ | acids (+)
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| hydroxide ions in _____ | bases (-)
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| atoms that contain carbon but not organic | carbonic acid, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide
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| orange+gold= | mono
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| blue+gold= | di
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| blue+black= | poly
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| pentose contains __ carbon atoms | 5
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| hexose contains __ carsone atoms | 6
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| some pentoses are | ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid
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| formula for ribose | C5 H10 O5
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| formula for deoxyribose | C5 H10 O4
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| some hexoses are | glucose, fructose, and galactose
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| anabolic means | building up
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| hydroysis is catabolic or anabolic? | catabolic
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| fatty acids have 2 parts..... | carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain
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| glycerol 's formula | C3 H8 O3
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| satuated fat is usually in endo/ectotherms?? tropical/non-tropical??? | endotherms and tropical
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| dehydration synthesis of lipids makes __ water molecules | 3
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| what mixes with lighter fluid? | fats
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| how many c/g in lipids | 9
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| organic alchol in lipids | glycerol
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| is s or u more easily metabolized | unsaturated
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| what's the amine group? | NH2
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| what's the base group? | H-C
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| what's the simplest amino acid? | glycine
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| what's the bad red blood cell amino acid? | valine
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| what amino acid in in natural gas? | methionine
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| what's the amino acid in a good red blood cell? | glutamic acid
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| what's the amino acid in aspartame? | phenylalanine
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| what do enzymes do? | reduce the energy needed to get a chemical reaction started
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| what do catalysts do? | alter the speed of a chemical reaction
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| a protein with 2 AA's is called | dipeptide
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| protein w/ 3 AA's is called | tripeptide
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| protein w/ 4-50 AA's is called | polypeptide
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| peptide bond is between the __ and the __ | C-N
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| if a substance contains protein, what color does nitric acid turn? | yellow
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| what's the nitric acid test called? | xanthoproteic
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| nucleic acids contain these elements | c, h, o, n, p
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| monomer of a nucleic acid? | nucleotide
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| 3 parts of a nucleic acid? | pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
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| phosphate group looks like | phosphorus surrounded by oxygen
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| covalent bond | chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons
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| steps to find molecular weight | (weight of molecule x # of that molecule) add them all up
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