Chapter 7 Respiratory System
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| acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) a form of the sudden onset of severe lung dysfunction affecting both lungs, making breathing extremely difficult |
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| airway inflammation the swelling and clogging of the airways with mucus |
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| airway obstruction occurs when food or a foreign object blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs |
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| allergic rhinitis an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus |
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| alveoli the very small grape-like clusters found at the end of each bronchiole |
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| anoxia the absence or nearly complete absence of oxygen from the body's gases, blood, or tissues |
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| anthracosis the form of pneumoconios caused by coal dust in the lungs; also known as black lung disease |
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| antitussive administered to prevent or relieve coughing (cough medicine) |
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| aphonia the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds |
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| apnea the absence of spontaneous respiration |
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| asbestosis the form of pneumoconios caused by asbestos particles in the lungs |
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| asphyxia the condition that occurs when the body cannot get the air it needs to function |
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| asphyxiation any interruption of normal breathing resulting in asphyxia; also known as suffocation |
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| aspiration pneumonia can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs |
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| asthma a chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing |
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| atelectasis a condition in which the lung fails to expand completely due to shallow breathing or because the air passages are blocked |
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| bacterial pneumonia often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae; is the only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination |
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| bradypnea an abnormally slow rate of respiration usually of less than 10 breaths per minute |
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| bronchi formed where the trachea divides into two branches known as the primary bronchi |
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| bronchioles the smallest branches of the bronchi |
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| bronchodilator a medication that expands the opening of the passages into the lungs |
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| bronchopneumonia a localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles and surrounding alveoli |
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| bronchorrhea an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi |
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| bronchoscopy the visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope |
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| bronchospasm a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles that tighten and squeeze the airway shut |
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| byssinosis caused by inhaling cotton dust into the lungs and usually occurs after working in a textile factory |
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| chest imaging chest x-ray; a valuable tool for diagnosing pneumonia, lung tumors, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, tuberculosis, and emphysema |
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| Cheyne-Stokes respiration a pattern of alternating periods of hypopnea or apnea, followed by hyperpnea |
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| chronic bronchitis a condition where the airways have become inflamed and thickened, and there is an increase in the number and size of mucus-producing cells |
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| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease a lung disease in which it is hard to breathe; COPD |
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| cilia the thin hairs located just inside the nostrils |
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| collapsed lung a lung that is unable to expand to receive air due to a pneumothorax or atelectasis |
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| CPAP device positive pressure ventilation device; treatment for sleep apnea that includes a mask, tubes, and a fan to create air pressure that pushes the tongue forward to maintain an open airway |
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| croup an acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and a barking cough |
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| cyanosis a bluish discoloration or the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen |
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| cystic fibrosis a genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus |
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| diaphragm the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen |
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| diaphragmatic breathing a relaxation technique used to relieve anxiety |
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| diphtheria an acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract |
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| dysphonia any change in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a boy's voice during puberty |
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| dyspnea difficult or labored breathing; also known as shortness of breath |
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| emphysema the progressive loss of lung function that is commonly attributed to long-term smoking |
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| empyema an accumulation of pus or infected fluid in the pleural cavity |
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| endotracheal intubation the passage of a tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway |
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| epiglottis a lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue |
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| epistaxis bleeding from the nose that is usually caused by an injury, excessive use of blood thinners, or bleeding disorders; also known as a nosebleed |
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| ethmoid sinuses located in the ethmoid bones, separated from the orbital cavity by only a thin layer of bone |
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| eupnea easy or normal breathing |
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| exhalation the act of breathing out |
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| external respiration the act of bringing air into and out of the lungs and exchanging gases from this air |
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| frontal sinuses located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows; an infection here can cause severe pain in this area |
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| functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) a procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus |
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| hemoptysis coughing up of blood or bloodstained sputum |
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| hemothorax an accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity |
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| hypercapnia the abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood |
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| hyperpnea an increase in the depth and rate of the respiratory movements |
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| hyperventilation an abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety |
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| hypopnea shallow or slow respiration |
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| hypoxemia a condition of having below-normal oxygen level in the blood |
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| hypoxia the condition of having below-normal oxygen levels in the body tissues and cells; less severe than anoxia |
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| influenza an acute, highly contagious viral respiratory infection that is spread by respiratory droplets and occurs most commonly in epidemics during the colder months |
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| inhalation the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward |
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| internal respiration the exchange of gases within the cells of the body organs, cells, and tissues |
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| interstitial fibrosis another name for the inflammation and thickening of the walls of the alveoli |
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| interstitial lung diseases a group of almost 200 diseases that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures |
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| laryngectomy the surgical removal of the larynx |
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| laryngitis an inflammation of the larynx |
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| laryngopharynx the third division of the pharynx, is shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems |
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| laryngoplasty the surgical repair of the larynx |
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| laryngoplegia paralysis of the larynx |
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| laryngoscopy the visual examination of the larynx using a laryngoscope |
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| laryngospasm the sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx |
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| larynx the voice box; a triangular chamber located between the pharynx and the trachea |
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| left lung has 2 lobes: superior and inferior |
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| lobar pneumonia affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, of a lung |
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| lobectomy the surgical removal of a lobe of the lung |
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| lower respiratory tract consists of the bronchial tree and lungs |
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| lung cancer a condition in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung |
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| lungs the organs of respiration |
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| Mantoux PPD skin test a more accurate skin test for diagnosing tuberculosis |
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| maxillary sinuses located in the maxillary bones; an infection here can cause pain in the posterior maxillary teeth |
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| mediastinum the cavity located between the lungs that contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, and thymus gland |
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| metered-dose inhaler mixes a single dose of the medication with a puff of air and pushes it into the mouth via a chemical propellant |
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| mucous membranes the specialized tissues that line the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems |
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| mucus secreted by the mucous membranes |
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| mycoplasma pneumonia a milder but longer lasting form of the disease caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
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| nasal septum a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections |
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| nasopharynx the first division of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the mouth |
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| nebulizer pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then inhaled by the patient via a face mask or mouthpiece |
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| olfactory receptors nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell |
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| oropharynx the second division of the pharynx, the portion that is visible when looking into the mouth |
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| otolaryngologist a physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the ears, nose, throat, and related structures of the head and neck; also known as an ENT |
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| paranasal sinuses air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, located in the bones of the skull |
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| parietal pleura the outer layer of the pleura that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, covers the diaphragm, and forms the sac containing each lung |
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| peak flow meter a handheld device often used to test those with asthma to measure how quickly the patient can expel air |
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| pertussis a contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract |
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| pharyngitis an inflammation of the pharynx |
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| pharyngoplasty the surgical repair of the pharynx |
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| pharyngotomy a surgical incision of the pharynx |
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| pharynx the throat; receives the air after it passes through the nose |
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| phlegm thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages |
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| phrenic nerves stimulate the diaphragm and cause it to contract |
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| pleura a thin, moist, and slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the rib cage |
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| pleural cavity the airtight area between the layers of the pleural membranes |
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| pleural effusion the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space |
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| pleurectomy the surgical removal of part of the pleura |
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| pleurisy an inflammation of the pleura that produces sharp chest pain with each breath |
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| pleurodynia pain in the pleura or in the side that occurs in relation to breathing movements |
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| pneumoconiosis an abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs that usually develops after years of environmental or occupational contact |
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| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia an opportunistic infection caused by the fungus Pneumocystis carinii |
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| pneumonectomy the surgical removal of all or part of a lung |
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| pneumonia a serious infection or inflammation of the lungs in which the smallest bronchioles and alveoli fill with pus and other liquid |
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| pneumorrhagia bleeding from the lungs |
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| pneumothorax the accumulation of air in the pleural space causing a pressure imbalance that prevents the lung from fully expanding or can cause it to collapse |
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| polysomnography the diagnostic measurement of physiological activity during sleep; also known as a sleep apnea study |
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| pulmonary edema an accumulation of fluid in lung tissue |
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| pulmonary fibrosis the formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty in breathing |
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| pulmonary function tests a group of tests that measure volume and flow of air by utilizing a spirometer |
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| pulmonologist a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the lungs and associated tissues |
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| pulse oximeter an external monitor placed on the patient's finger or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood |
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| pyothorax the presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane |
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| respiration the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that is essential to life |
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| respirator an apparatus for administering artificial respiration in cases of respiratory failure |
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| respiratory failure a condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high |
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| respiratory system brings oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells |
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| rhinorrhea the watery flow of mucus from the nose |
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| right lung has 3 lobes: superior, middle, and inferior |
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| septoplasty the surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum |
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| silicosis caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glass work, and sandblasting |
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| sinusitis an inflammation of the sinuses |
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| sleep apnea syndromes a group of potentially fatal disorders in which breathing repeatedly stops during sleep for long enough periods to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels |
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| smoke inhalation damage to the lungs in which particles from a fire coat the alveoli and prevent the normal exchange of gases |
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| sphenoid sinuses located in the sphenoid bone, close to the optic nerves; an infection here can damage vision |
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| spirometer a recording device that measure the amount of air inhaled or exhaled (volume) and the length of time required for each breath |
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| sputum phlegm ejected through the mouth that can be examined for diagnostic purposes |
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| sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) the sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant between the ages of 2 weeks and 1 year |
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| supplemental oxygen administered when the patient is unable to maintain an adequate oxygen saturation level in the blood |
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| tachypnea an abnormally rapid rate of respiration usually or more than 20 breaths per minute |
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| thoracentesis the surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity |
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| thoracostomy the surgical creation of an opening into the chest cavity to establish drainage of empyema |
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| thoracotomy a surgical treatment of lung cancer by removing all or part of a lung |
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| tonsils form a protective circle of lymphatic tissue around the entrance to the respiratory system |
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| trachea the tube located directly in front of the esophagus that extends from the neck to the chest; the windpipe |
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| tracheoplasty the surgical repair of the trachea |
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| tracheorrhagia bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea |
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| tracheostomy the surgical creation of an opening into the trachea and insertion of a tube to facilitate the passage of air or the removal of secretions |
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| tracheotomy an emergency procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage |
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| tuberculin skin testing a screening test for tuberculosis in which the skin of the arm is injected with a harmless antigen extracted from TB bacteria |
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| tuberculosis an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually attacks the lungs |
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| upper respiratory infections among the terms used to describe the common cold; can be caused by any one of 200 different viruses |
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| upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea |
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| ventilator a mechanical device for artificial ventilation of the lungs that is used to replace or supplement the patient's natural breathing function |
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| video-assisted thoracic surgery the use of a video-assisted thoracoscope to view the inside of the chest cavity through very small incisions |
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| viral pneumonia caused by several different types of viruses and accounts for approximately half of all pneumonias |
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| visceral pleura the inner layer of pleura that surrounds each lung |
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