Chpaters 8 and 9
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| Phonetics | The study of speech sounds, how we make them and how they are used.
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| International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) | One symbol for every sound in the world's languages.
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| Vowels | Sounds that are produced with a relatively open vocal tract. Always voiced.
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| Dipthongs | Vowel sounds that are produced as a slow gliding movement from one vowel to a second vowel.
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| Onlide | First vowel in a dipthong.
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| Offglide | Second vowel in a dipthong.
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| Stops | Consonants formed by completely closing the vocal tract at some point between the vocal folds and the lips.
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| Bilabial stops | Two lips are brought together to make the sound.
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| Alveolar stops | The tongue tip is brought up to touch the alveolar ridge to make the sound.
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| Velar stops | The back of the tongue is brought up to touch the velum (soft palate) to make the sounds.
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| Glottal stops | The larynx closes and temporarily stops the air coming through the glottis to make the sound.
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| Stop release | A brief burst of air (aspiration) which may occur after a voicless stop if it is made at the begining of a word or syllable.
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| Nasals | formed by stopping the vocal tract and lowering the velum so that the sound goes out through the nose.
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| Fricatives | Two parts of the vocal tract that are put close enough together to partially obstruct the airflow and produce a "hissing" kind of noise.
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| Affricates | A combination of a stop immediately followed by a fricative.
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| Approximants | Sounds formed by two parts of the vocal tract coming close together, but not close enough to form the "hissing" sound of the fricatives.
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| Sonorants | All the glides, liquids, and nasals. These have a pronounced resonant quality unlike stops, fricatives, and affricates.
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| Articulation | "to move"
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| Resonance | Vibrating at a preferred or natural frequency.
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| Turbulence noise production | The kind of sound in fricatives.
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| coarticulation | the simultaneous movement of two articulators.
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| Acoustic Theory of Speech Production | Mouth is a series of tubes.
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| The Odd-Quarter Wavelenth Relation | A tube that is closed at one end will resonate with maximum amplitude a sound whose wavelength is 4x the length of the tube.
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| Quarter-Wave Resonator | Tube that is open at one end and closed at another: Any tube that is resonant under certain conditions which depend on the relation between the frequency of the sound source and the length of the tube.
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| Wavelenth | The distance traveled by a soundwave during one period of vibration.
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| Wavelenth (formula) | =speed of sound/frequency
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| Speed of Sound | 350 m/sec
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| Formants | Resonating frequencies of the vocal shape.
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| Formant Frequencies | F1, F2, F3: Tell the difference between the vowels based on how the "tube" of the mouth changes.
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| Formant Frequencies (formula) Fn | =(2n-1)c/4l
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| F1 | Related to tongue(vowel) height. Low F1, high vowel. High F1, low vowel.
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| F2 | Related to front/back-ness of a vowel. Low F2, back vowel. High F2, front vowel.
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| The Source-Filter Theory of Speech Production | The resonator is a filter because energy is passed through it in a frequency selective manner. Your vocal folds produce a sound and your vocal tract filters it out. Because of your vocal tract you get certain resonances: some dampened, some increase.
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| Energy Source of Fricatives | Not in the vocal fold vibration but in the turbulance created at some construction.
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| Antiformants | Loss of sound energy rather than inhancement. Filtering of fricatives is determined by these. Nasals have them as well as formants.
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| Nasal Murmor | Really low formant (between 250-300Hz) for adult speakers in nasals.
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| Waveform | x=time, y=amplitude. Frequency missing.
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| Spectrum | x=frequency, y=amplitude. Time missing (shows 1 moment in time).
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| Spectogram | x=time, y=frequency, darkness=amplitude.
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| Wide-Band Spectograms | Smears accross a range of freqs. More stretched out, shows more. Suited to looking at formant energy because formants have a wide spread of acoustic energy. Shows glottal pulses.
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| Time-Frequency Trade-Off | Because the wide-band doesn't have a narrow resolution with frequency it can respond quickly to signals changing in its range (better with quick events-shows them more quickly). It's better with time.
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| Narrow-band Spectogram | A spectogram with a narrow anayzing filter. Finer resolution in frequency so you can see the harmonics. Responds slowly to brief events in time (you don't see glottal pulses).
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| Digital Signal Processing of an Acoustic (Analog) Signal | Computer is taking a waveform and computing it into a digital form.
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| Analog-to-Digital (A-D) Conversion | Computer samples along the waveform at various points in time.
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| Sampling Rate | The rate (# of samples taken/unit time) at which the computer takes samples. Must take enough samples to get accurate information but not too many so it's not a waste.
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| Nyquist Formula | Ideal sampling rate: Twice the desired bandwidth of analysis.
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| Front Vowels | Characterized by a large separation between F1 and F2; small separation between F2 and F3.
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| Back Vowels | Characterized by a small separation between F1 and F2; relitively large separation between F2 and F3.
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| High Vowels | Characterized by a very small F0 and F1 difference.
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| Low Vowels | Characterized by a large F0 and F1 difference.
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| Central Vowels | Uniform vowels where formants are centerally placed
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| Dipthongs | Dynamic sounds in which the articulatory shape (and thus the formant pattern) changes during the sound's production.
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| Stop Consonants | You stop making sound before it. Stop the air. See a gap.
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| Silent (low-energy) Interval/Stop Gap | A period of markedly reduced acoustic energy associated with the stopping of the air.
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| Burst | Release of air in a brief interval of sound.
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| Formant Transitions | Bends in the formant pattern that occur in the interval corresponding to the articulatory movement from the consonant to the more open vocal tract used in a vowel.
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| Voice Onset Time (VOT) | The interval between release of the stop (the acoustic burst) and the onset of voicing
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| Nasal Murmur | Looks like a weak low formant. has low frequency energy.
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| Antiformants | White bands of low frequency energy in nasals.
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| Fricative Consonants | Fine verticle lines.
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| Affricate consonants | Look like a fricative with shorter duration.
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| Glide consonants | Look like vowels; have gliding transitions like vowels.
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| Liquid consonants | Characterized by steady-state formants.
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| Suprasegmentals | Those things besides the sound segmants which make up syllables that we use in speech: stress, pitch, speaking rate, and intonation. Properties not of a single consonant or vowel, effect a whole syllable or word.
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| Stress | Can be done by incresing the fund. frequency (raising pitch), increasing the duration (longer), or increasing intensity (louder).
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| Speaking Rate | Reduction in acoustic values as opposed to just saying the vowels. Formants less obvious.
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| Speech rate of Anger | Slightly faster.
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| Speech rate of Happiness | Faster or slower.
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| Speech rate of Sadness | Slower.
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| Speech rate of Fear | Faster.
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| Speech rate of Disgust | Much slower.
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| Pitch rate of Anger | Much higher.
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| Pitch rate of Happiness | Much higher.
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| Pitch rate of Sadness | Slightly slower.
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| Pitch rate of Fear | Much higher.
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| Pitch rate of Disgust | Much lower.
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| Pitch range of Anger | Much higher.
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| Pitch range of Happiness | Much wider.
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| Pitch range of Sadness | Slightly narrower.
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| Pitch range of Fear | Slightly wider.
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| Pitch range of Disgust | Slightly narrower.
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| Intensity of Anger | Higher.
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| Intensity of Happiness | Higher.
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| Intensity of Sadness | Lower.
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| Intensity of Fear | Same.
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| Intensity of Disgust | Lower.
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| Voice Quality of Anger | Breathy.
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| Voice Quality of Happiness | Breathy.
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| Voice Quality of Sadness | Resonant.
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| Voice Quality of Fear | Irregular voicing quality.
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| Voice Quality of Disgust | Irregular voicing quality.
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| Pitch changes of Anger | Abrupt.
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| Pitch changes of Happiness | Smooth, upward.
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| Pitch changes of Sadness | Downward.
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| Pitch changes of Fear | Normal.
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| Pitch changes of Disgust | Very wide downward.
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| Articulation of Anger | Very Tense
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| Articulation of Happiness | Normal.
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| Articuation of Sadness | Slurred.
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| Articulation of Fear | Precise.
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| Articulation of Disgust | Normal.
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| Personal Quality | You can identify an individual's voice because of this and an individual's "voice print." But you can disguise your voice.
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| Scaling Procedures | Listen and rate someone's overall intelligability.
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| Identification Tasks | Where you transcribe what a client says.
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| Source Problems | Horseness, breathingess which can result from cancer or nodules of the vocal folds or Parkinson's disease creating mucus membranes.
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| Filter Problems | Problems with the tongue and other structures in the oral cavity, or the nerves to the tongue.
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| Dysarthria | Neurological disorders in which the muscles used for speech are weak, paralyzed, or incoordinated.
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| Hearing Impairments | People with these have trouble articulating because they cannot hear themselves very well.
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