Stats Ch 1 & 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Descriptive Statistics | organizes, summarizes (or describes) and displays data
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| Inferential Statistics | Analyzes, interprets, and draws conclusions about a larger unobserved population.
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| Population | the complete collection of elements (scores, people, etc) to be studied
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| Sample | sub-collection of elements from the population (must be unbiased and random)
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| Census | a collection of data from every element in a population
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| parameter | a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population
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| statistic | a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample
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| sampling error | not an error we make; its just different because we use a sample instead of the whole population
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| non-sampling error | human error (wrong calculation, bad sample)
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| Quantitative Data | data which consists of numbers representing counts or measurements
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| Qualitative (categorical) data | data that can be separated into different categories by some non-numerical characteristic
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| Examples of Quantitative Data | # of kids, height, weight, age, shoe size
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| Examples of Qualitative Data | Gender, Hair color, social security #, area code
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| Discrete Data | Data which represents counts. Whole number data (0, 1, 2...)
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| Continuous Data | Data which represents measurements (decimals, fractions, etc)
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| Ex. of Discrete Data | # of kids
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| Ex. of Continuous Data | height, weight, age, shoe size
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| 4 Levels of Measurement for Data | Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
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| 2 Types of Qualitative Measurements for Data | Nominal, Ordinal
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| 2 Types of Quanitative Measurements for Data | Interval, Ratio
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| Nominal Level | characterized by data that consists of names, labels, or categories only. Can't order this data, can not be used for calculations. *qualitative*
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| Ordinal Level | Data we can arrange in some rank order. Difference between each data pieces cannot be determined or are meaningless. These values are generally not used for calculations, GPA is an exception. *qualitative*
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| Interval Level | This is like ordinal, but now meaningful differences between each data piece does exist.. There is no natural starting point, never a time when none of the quantity is present. *quanitative*
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| Ratio Level | This is like Interval but has an inherent zero starting point. Differences and ratios are meaningful, therefore used for calculations. *Quanitative*
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| Ex. of nominal | hair color, gender, ss #, area code, zip codes, eye color, jersey numbers
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| Ex. of ordinal | movie ratings, military ranks, CEO/workers, class titles (fresh, soph...), letter grade
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| Ex. of interval | Clock time, particular year, temperature
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| Ex. of ratio | weight, height, age, #of years, # of kids
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| Observational Study | observe and measure specific characteristics, but we don't attempt to modify the subjects being studied
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| Experiment | apply a treatment and then observe its effects on the subjects (something has to be manipulated)
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| Simple Random Samples | "n" subjects are selected in such a way that every possible sample of size "n" has the same chance of being chosen (every group has an equal chance)
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| Random Sample | Each individual of the group has an equal chance of being selected
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| Systematic Sampling | select a starting point and then select every "k"th element in the population (every 10th person, every 12th person)
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| convenience sampling | use results that are readily available (usually not a good sample)
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| stratified sampling | form groups, take some people frome each group
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| cluster sampling | form groups, randomly select groups, and use ALL members from the selected groups
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| the "error" | the numerical difference between the sample result and the true population result
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| placebo effect | an untreated subject incorrectly believes that he or she is receiving a treatment and reports an improvement in symptoms
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| blind experiment | the subject doesnt know is he/she is getting the treatment or the placebo
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| double blind | neither the subjects nor the evaluators are aware of who got the treatment or the placebo
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Created by:
hroyal
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