vocab
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| population | the entire group of individuals or instances about whom we hope to learn
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| sample | a representative subset of a population examined in hope of learning about the population
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| sample survey | a study that asks questions of a sample drawn from some population in the hope of learning something about the entire population
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| bias | any systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its population is bias
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| randomization | best defense against bias is randomization in which each individual is given a fair, random chance of selection
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| census | consists of the entire population (sample)
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| population parameter | a numerically valued attribute of a model for a population
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| statistic, sample statistic | values calculated for sampled data
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| representative | the statistics computed from it accurately reflect the corresponding population parameters
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| SRS | simple random sample is said to be representative if the statistics computed from it accurately reflect the corresponding population parameters
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| sampling frame | a list of individuals from whom the sample is drawn
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| sampling variability | the natural tendency of randomly drawn samples to differ from one another
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| stratified random sample | sampling design in which the population is divided into several subpopulations, or STRATA, and random samples are then drawn from each stratum
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| cluster sample | a design in which entire groups or clusters are chosen at random, usually selected as a matter of convenience, practicality, or cost, each should be representative of the population and should be heterogeneous and similiar
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| multistage sample | sampling schemes that combine several sampling methods are called multistage samples
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| systematic sample | drawn by selected individuals systematicallly from a sampling frame; when there is no relationship between the order of the sampling frame and the variables of interest, a systematic sample is representative
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| pilot | small trial run of a survey to see if questions are clear
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| voluntary response bias | bias introduced to a sample when individuals can choose on their own whether or not to participate; always invalid
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| convenience sample | consists of the individuals that are conveniently available, not representative because not all people in the population are equally convenient to sample
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| undercoverage | sampling scheme that biases the sample in a way that gives a part of the population less representation than it has in the population suffers from undercoverage
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| nonresponse bias | bias introduced when a large fraction of those sampled fails to respond
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| response bias | anything in a survey design that influences response
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