Chpt 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| atrophy | decrease, shrinking cell size
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| lipofuscin | yellow-brown age pigment; liver, myocardial, atrophic cells
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| hypertrophy | increase size of cells/organs
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| ANP | atrial natriuretic peptide, early dvlpmnt; cardiac hypertrophy
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| BNP | B-type natriuretic peptide; heart ventricles, Na+, water excretion, vasodilate, inhibit renin
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| hyperplasia | increase number of cells, response to injury growth factor causes mitotic div, DNA synth.
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| compensatory hyperplasia | liver regeneration, ex; 70% regen in 2 wks.
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| hormonal hyperplasia | endometrium-fertilization
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| pathologic hyperplasia | abn proliferation; most common-endometrium with excess bleeding; poss malign transformation
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| Dysplasia | abn change in size, shape, organization of mature cells, NOT ca, may not progress to ca
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| atypical hyperplasia | another name for dysplasia
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| Common site for dysplasia | cervix-results of pap smear; respiratory tract. reversible of stimuli removed
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| metaplasia | reversible replacement of mature cell by another; ex: bronchial from smoking-no cilia
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| Adaptive cellular injury | atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia
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| necrosis | cell death-cell swelling; organelle breakdown
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| apoptosis | cellular self-destruction for elimination of unwanted cell population
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| reversible cell injury | loss of ATP, cell swelling, detach ribosomes, autophagy of lysosomes
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| irreversible cell injury | vacuolization of mitochondria; Ca++ moves into cell; membrane damage (free radicals, enzyme release)
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| Most common cause of cellular injury | hypoxia; most common cause of hypoxia is ischemia
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| repurfusion injury | excess ROS and Ca++ overload to mitochondria can cause cell death (apoptosis)
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| ROS | reactive oxygen species; free radicals: superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl
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| oxidative stress | excess ROS overwhelms endogenous antioxidants, leftover radicals cause cell damage
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| result of ATP depletion | 1) Na/K pump decreased, increase cellular Na,Ca; increase extracellular K = cell swelling 2) increase glycolysis=lactate=H+
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| vacuolation | formation of vacuoles, cytoplasmic sm. cavity if oxygen not restored to mitochondria
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| paracetamol | same as acetaminophen outside US
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| Subdural hematoma | blood below dura mater; between dura mater and brain from small vein rupture
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| epidural hematoma | blood above dura mater; between skull and dura; arterial
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| hypercalcemia | hyperparathyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D, hyperthyroidism, Addisons, bone tumor, leukemia
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| necrosis | accidental death, cell swelling, lysis, inflammatory response
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| karyolysis | nuclear dissolution and lysis of chromatin by hydrolytic enzymes-dissolve pyknosis
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| pyknosis | nucleus shrinks and become mass of genetic material
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| Apoptosis | active process of cellular self-distruction; normal or pathologic
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| apoptosis differences from necrosis | scattered, single cells, cell shrinkage & phagocytosis; minimal inflammation
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| manifestation of cell injury | fever, > HR, leukocytosis, pain, cellular enzymes presence
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| pyrogens | cause fever: interleukin-1, tumor necrosi factor-a, prostaglandins
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| CK | creatine kinase; release from muscles, brain & heart
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| troponin | release from heart muscles
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| ALT | alanine aminotransferase (SGPT); release from liver, kidney & heart
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| AST | aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) ; release from heart, liver, muscles, kidney, pancreas
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| ALP | alkaline phospatase, release from liver, bone
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| amylase | release from pancreas
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| aldolase | release from muscles, heart
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| coagulative necrosis | kidney, heart, adrenal glands; chemical injury (esp mercuric Cl-)protein denaturation-albumin turns to egg white type substance
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| liquefactive necrosis | ischemic brain cells digested by own hydrolases, become liquid filled cyst; Or from neutrophilic hydrolases of bacterial (staph, strep, E.coli)
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| caseous necrosis | tubercolous pulmonary infection, combinaton of coag and liquid necrosis
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| fat necrosis | lipase break down free fatty acids; in breast, pancreas & other abd structures
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| gangrenous necrosis | dry-coagulative; wet-liquefactive from neutrophil
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| gas gangrene | anaerobic bacterial-clostridium-cause bubbles to form in muscle cells; can be fatal if lyse membranes of RBC; death from shock
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| telomeres | end of chromosomes-maintain stability; shorten with aging
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| FOXO | forkhead box O, transcription factor affected by insulin-like signaling
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| Insulin Theory of aging | reduce insulin/IGF-1 by calorie restriction, exercise, wt loss; increase antioxidant enzymes and protein that promote DNA repair
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| DNA theory of aging | DNA damage remodels chromatin (DNA protein)
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| Extracellular changes of aging | increase cross-linking, < collagen, loss of elastin (wrinkles). Vessel deposits-arteriosclerosis
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| Wear and tear theory | small incremental changes as a result of accumulation of small, imperceptible injuries; r/t oxidative stress that damages cells (or malignant DNA damage)
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| Cellular aging | possible from apoptosis initiate cellular adaptations. mitochondria DNA (mDNA) mutations where deletion of protein DNA (heteroplasmy)
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| tissue & systemic aging | stiffness & rigidity tissue changes; > peripheral resistance. thymus atrophy affect endocrine & immune system
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| somatic death | death of the entire person
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| sarcopenia | loss of muscle mass and strength; assoc with fraility
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| somatic death | death of entire person
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| algor mortis | postmortem reduction in body temperature. 1-1.5 degree F/hr. room temp by 24hrs
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| livor mortis | purple discoloration from dependent drainage of blood
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| rigor mortis | muscle stiffening from depletion of ATP begins within 6 hrs, complete by 12-14 hrs, deminishes p next 24-48 hrs.
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| postmorem autolysis | putrefactive changes from release of enzymes and lytic dissolution
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